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Spring Semester 2013 > Chapter 12 Pancreas > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Lies in the mid epigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein, aorta, and IVC

A

body of the pancreas

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2
Q

Branch of the splenic artery that supplies the tail of the pancreas

A

caudal pancreatic artery

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3
Q

Forms the lateral border of the head of the pancreas

A

C-Loop of the duodenum

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4
Q

Forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery

A

common hepatic artery

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5
Q

Branch of the splenic artery that supplies the body of the pancreas

A

dorsal pancreatic artery

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6
Q

Small accessory duct of the pancreas found in the head of the gland

A

duct of Santorini

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7
Q

Largest duct of the pancreas that drains the head, body, and tail; it joins the CBD to enter the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater

A

duct of Wirsung

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8
Q

Lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the GDA is the anterolateral border, and the CBD is the posterlateral border

A

head of pancreas

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9
Q

Small area of the pancreas between the head and body; anterior to the superior mesenteric vein

A

neck of pancreas

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10
Q

Helps supply blood to the pancreas along with the splenic artery

A

pancreaticduodenal arteries

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11
Q

Junction of the splenic and main portal vein; posterior border of the body of the pancreas

A

portal-splenic confluence

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12
Q

Serves as the posterior border to the body of the pancreas

A

superior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

Lies posterior to the neck or body of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process of the gland

A

superior mesenteric vein

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14
Q

Tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney

A

tail of the pancreas

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15
Q

Small, curved tip of the pancreatic head that lies posterior to the SMV

A

uncinate process

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16
Q

Cells that perform exocrine function

A

acini cells

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17
Q

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates

A

amylase

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18
Q

The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production of the hormore insulin

A

endocrine

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19
Q

The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production and digestion of pancreatic juice

A

exocrine

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20
Q

Stimulates the liver to convert the glycogen to glucose; produced by alpha cells

A

glucagons

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21
Q

Hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells

A

insulin

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22
Q

Portion of the pancreas that has an endocrine function and produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

A

islets of Langerhans

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23
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats; enzyme is elevated in pancreatitis and remains increased longer than amylase

A

lipase

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24
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis

A

serum amylase

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25
Q

Enlargement of the GB caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal CBD from an external mass, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

A

Courvoisier’s GB

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26
Q

Hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus by the endocrine glands

A

cystic fibrosis

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27
Q

Elevated calcium in the blood

A

hypercalcemia

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28
Q

Congenital condition in which elevated fat levels cause pancreatitis

A

hyperlipidemia

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29
Q

Dilated loops of bowel without peristalsis; associated with various abdominal problems, including pancreatitis, sickle cell crisis, and bowel obstruction

A

ileus

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30
Q

Abnormal increase in WBC’s caused by infections

A

leukoytosis

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31
Q

Malignant neoplasm that arises from the lymphoid tissues

A

lymphoma

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32
Q

Excessive bilirubin in the bloodstream caused by an obstruction of bile from the liver; characterized by a yellow discoloration of the sclera of the eye, skin, and mucus membranes

A

obstructive jaundice

33
Q

Fluid accumulation caused by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen; free floating pancreatic enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures

A

pancreatic ascites

34
Q

“Sterile abscess” collection of pancreatic enzymes that accumulate in the available space in the abdomen, usually in or near the pancreas

A

pancreatic pseudocyst

35
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic

A

pancreatitis

36
Q

Space or cavity that contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane

A

pseudocyst

37
Q

The pancreas is located in the ___ cavity posterior to the stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum of the small bowel.

A

retroperitoneal

38
Q

The pancreatic gland appears sonographically ___ to slightly more ____ than the hepatic parenchyma.

A

isoechoic; hyperechoic

39
Q

The major posterior landmarks of the pancreas are the ___ and ___.

A

aorta; IVC

40
Q

The head of the pancreas lies ___ to the IVC.

A

anterior

41
Q

The ___ crosses anterior to the uncinate process of the head of the pancreas and posterior to the neck and body.

A

SMV- Superior mesenteric vein

42
Q

The tortuous ___ is the superior border of the pancreas.

A

splenic artery

43
Q

The tail of the pancreas is more difficult to image because it lies anterior to the left kidney and posterior to the left ___ and ___.

A

colic flexure; transverse colon

44
Q

The ___ recieves tributaries from lobules at right angles and enters the medial second part of the duodenum with the CBD at the ampulla of Vater.

A

duct of Wirsung

45
Q

The blood supply for the pancreas is from the ___ and the ____.

A

splenic artery; pancreaticduodenal arteries

46
Q

The ___ is seen along the anterolateral border of the pancreas as it travels a short distance along the anterior aspect of the pancreatic head.

A

gastroduodenal artery

47
Q

The ___ crosses the anterior aspect of the portal vein to the right of the proper hepatic artery.

A

common bile duct

48
Q

The portal vein is ___ to the IVC.

A

anterior

49
Q

The pancreas is both a digestive (____) and a hormonal (___) gland.

A

exocrine; endocrine

50
Q

Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to ___.

A

diabetes mellitus

51
Q

Exocrine function is performed by ___ of the pancreas.

A

acini cells

52
Q

The ___ is a muscle surrounding the ampulla of Vater that relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to empty into the duodenum.

A

sphincter of Oddi

53
Q

The endocrine function is located in the ___ in the pancreas.

A

islets of Langerhans

54
Q

The beta cells are most prevalent and produce ___, a hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver.

A

insulin

55
Q

Alpha cells produce ___, a hormone that causes the cells to release glucose to meet the energy needs of the body.

A

glucagons

56
Q

Delta cells are the smallest composition of endocrine tissue and produce ___.

A

somatostatins

57
Q

There are specific enzymes of the pancreas that may become altered in pancreatic disease, ___ and ___.

A

amylase; lipase

58
Q

Both amylase and lipase rise at the same rate, but the elevation in ___ concentration persists for a longer period in pancreatitis.

A

lipase

59
Q

___ controls the blood sugar in the body.

A

Glucose

60
Q

Explain how fat influences the echogenicity of the pancreas on ultrasound.

A

Pancreas texture is determined by the amount of fat between the lobules and interlobular fibrous tissue. Fat is strongly echogenic.

61
Q

Name the structures that should be identified to locate the pancreas.

A

SMA, SMV, portal vein, splenic vein, aorta, IVC, CBD GDA, left renal vein, duodenal bulb, posterior wall of the stomach, pancreatic duct

62
Q

Describe the water technique used to image the pancreas.

A

Patient drinks 32-300 mL of fluid through a straw in erect or right lateral decub. The fluid fills the duodenal cap to outline the lateral margin of the head of the pancreas. The upright position allows air to move from the gastric antrum to the fundus of the stomach and causes the upper viscera to move downward for a better window.

63
Q

When the pancreas becomes damaged and malfunctions as a result of increased secretion and blockage of ducts, ____ occurs.

A

pancreatitis

64
Q

An acute attack of pancreatitis is commonly related to ___ and ___.

A

alcoholism; biliary tract disease

65
Q

The patient with pancreatitis typically presents with moderate to severe tenderness in the ___ radiating to the ___.

A

epigastrium; back

66
Q

When swelling does occur, the gland is hypoechoic to anechoic and is less echogenic than the liver because of the increased prominence of ___ and ___.

A

lobulations; congested vessels

67
Q

The pancreatic duct may be obstructed in acute pancreatitis as a result of ___, ___, ___, ___, ___.

A

inflammatiom, spasm, edema, papilla swelling, pseudocyst

68
Q

Fluid collections around the pancreatic ___, along the ___ spaces, within the ___ pouch, and around the ___ may be present in a patient with acute pancreatitis.

A

bed; pararenal;Morison’s; duodenum

69
Q

Patients with acute pancreatitis may develop complications such as ___, ___, ___, ___, ___.

A

pseudocyst, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, duodenal obstruction

70
Q

Necrosis of the blood vessels results in the development of hemmorhagic area referred to as ____.

A

Grey-Turner’s sign

71
Q

An inflammatory process that spreads along the fascial pathways, causing localized areas of diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissue, is known as ___.

A

phlegmon

72
Q

The ____ become obstructed with a buildup of protein plugs with resultant calcifications along the duct in ____ pancreatitis.

A

pancreatic ducts; chronic

73
Q

Describe how a pseudocyst develops.

A

The pancreatic enzymes that escape the ductal system cause enzymatic digestion of surrounding tissue and pseudocyst development. Generally asymptomatic until it grows large enough to place pressure on surrounding organs.

74
Q

The most common location for a pseudocyst is in the ___, anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach.

A

lesser sac

75
Q

A pseudocyst develops when pancreatic ___ escape from the gland and break down tissue to form a sterile abscess somewhere in the abdomen.

A

enzymes

76
Q

The most common primary neoplasm of the pancreas is ___.

A

adenocarcinoma

77
Q

List the clinical findings of a patient with carcinoma of the pancreas.

A

weight loss, painless jaundice, nausea and vomiting, changes in stool

78
Q

The most frequent parapancreatic neoplasm is ____.

A

lymphoma

Spring Semester 2013 (13 decks)

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