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IGCSE Biology > Chapter 9:transport in animals > Flashcards

Chapter 9:transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a circulatory system

A

system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

What is the double circulatory system

A

A system which blood passes through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body

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3
Q

Example of mammals with a double circulatory system

A

-Birds
-reptiles

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4
Q

What is the single circulatory system

A

A system in which blood passes through the heart only once on one complete circuit of the body

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5
Q

Does a fish have a double circulatory system or singular circulatory system

A

Single circulatory system

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6
Q

Explain the advantages of a double circulatory system

A

-the blood is travels faster in double circulatory system
-the low blood pressure blood is delivered back to the heart,risisjg it’s pressure again before sending it to the body

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7
Q

What is the function of heart

A

To pump blood around the body

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8
Q

What are the upper chambers called

A

Atrium

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9
Q

What are the lower chambers called

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

how is blood taken to the lungs

A

the blood in the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta which takes the blood around the body.the blood in the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary artery which takes the blood to the lungs

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11
Q

How is blood pumped out to the heart

A

Blood flows at the top into atria.the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein which comes from the lungs.the right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body coming through the vena cava from the atria.the blood flows into the ventricles,the muscles in the walls of the ventricles contract which pumps the blood out to the heart

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12
Q

what do valves help in

A

Valves prevent the back flow of blood

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13
Q

What does right atrium do

A

Receive deoxygenated blood

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14
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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15
Q

What does vena cava do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the body

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16
Q

What does aorta do

A

carry oxygenated blood to the body

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17
Q

What does pulmonary artery do

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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18
Q

What does pulmonary vein do

A

Carry oxygen gated blood form the lungs

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19
Q

What does left atrium do

A

Receive oxygenated blood

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20
Q

what does left ventricle do

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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21
Q

What are the two valves

A

-semi lunar valves
-antroventricular valves

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22
Q

What antrio ventricular valve

A

Allows blood to flow from thr atria into the ventricles and prevent it from going in the opposite direction

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23
Q

What is semi lunar valve

A

Allows blood to flow from the ventricles into the arteries but stops from going out the other way

24
Q

What is coroners arteries

A

Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

25
Q

how do coronary arteries get blocked

A

They get blocked due to cholesterol deposits building inside the walls of the arteries

26
Q

how is coronary heart disease caused

A

-coronary argues get blocked due to cholesterol deposits building inside the walls of the arteries
-the deposits makes the artery wall stiffer and lumen narrower,so it’s difficult for blood to pass through
-when coronary attires are blocked.the cardiac muscles doesn’t get oxygen and muscles cannot respire.

27
Q

How do you prevent CHD

A

-stop smoking cigarettes
-take care of your diet
-regular exercise
-rescue stress

28
Q

how is CHD formed

A

-eating diet contains a lot of cholesterol
-not doing enough exercise
-smoking
-too much stress
-Getting older
-genes

29
Q

How do you treat CHD

A

-aspririn-reduces the likelihood of a blood clot forming and blocking a coronary artery
-angioplasty-a surgery to remove the blockage and open the coronary artery
-bypass-to add extra blood vessels

30
Q

How do we monitor the activity of the heart

A

-ECG
-measuring the pulse rate
-listening to the sounds of the valves closing

31
Q

How does the heart beat

A

-as the blood is collected in the atria it builds up a pressure
-the atria contracts,increases the pressure,push the blood into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves
-once blood flows into the ventricles,the antrioventricular valves are closed preventing flowing back to the blood
-the muscles of ventricles contract blood is pushed from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary artery

32
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels

A

-arteries
-capillaries
-veins

33
Q

what is the function of artery

A

Carry blood away from the heart

34
Q

Why does arteries have a thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres

A

The blood inside arteries flow in high pressure because it flows from the heart.arteries need strong walls to withstand the high pressure of the blood flowing through them

35
Q

Properties of arteries

A

-thick outer layer
-small lumen
-smooth lining
-thick layer of muscles and fibres

36
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Supply all cells with their requirements and take away waste products

37
Q

Properties of capillaries

A

-very small lumen
-made out of single layer cells

38
Q

Why is capillaries one cell thick

A

Because it increases the rate of diffusion of sus stances in and out of capillaries

39
Q

Function of veins

A

To return blood to the heart

40
Q

why do veins have a large lumen

A

Because the pressure of blood inside veins is comparatively low,if lumen of veins were narrow,the blood flow will further slow down

41
Q

What are the properties of veins

A

-fairly thin outer wall
-thin layer of muscles and elastic fibres
-large lumen
-smooth lining

42
Q

What are the two blood vessels suppling blood from the kidney to the body

A

-rebel artery
-renal vein

43
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying to the lung

A

-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary vein

44
Q

what does blood contain

A

-plasma
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

45
Q

What is plasma

A

A liquid part of the blood

46
Q

what does plasma contain

A

-mineral ions
-soluble nutrients
-hormones
-carbon dioxide

47
Q

What is red blood cells

A

Biconcave blood cells with no nucleus,which transports oxygen

48
Q

What is the red pigment present in red blood cells

A

Haemoglobin

49
Q

why does red blood cells not have a nucleus or mitochondria

A

So that there will be more space for haemoglobin molecules

50
Q

what is white blood cells

A

Blood cells with nucleus which helps defend against pathogens

51
Q

How do white blood cells kill pathogens

A

-by phagocytosis (by engulfing the pathogen)
-releasing antibodies

52
Q

How do white blood cells destroy bacteria by phagocytosis

A

1-a phagocyte movies towards a group of bacteria and flows around them
2-the phagocyte cell membrane fuses together,enclosing the bacteria in a vacuole
3-enzymes are secreted into the vacuole and digest the bacteria
4-soluble substances diffuse from the vacuole into the phagocytes cytoplasm

53
Q

What is platelets

A

Tiny fragments present in blood which helps with clotting

54
Q

What do platelets help in

A

Blood clotting

55
Q

how does platelets help in blood clotting?

A

-platelets releases chemicals that cause soluble fib riven proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and forms fibres which are an insoluble mesh across the wound trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot
-The clot en eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from thr bacteria e entering

56
Q

how can you monitor the activity of the heart

A

ECG
pulse rate
listening to sound of valves closing

IGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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