Chapter 9:transport in animals Flashcards
What is a circulatory system
system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
What is the double circulatory system
A system which blood passes through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body
Example of mammals with a double circulatory system
-Birds
-reptiles
What is the single circulatory system
A system in which blood passes through the heart only once on one complete circuit of the body
Does a fish have a double circulatory system or singular circulatory system
Single circulatory system
Explain the advantages of a double circulatory system
-the blood is travels faster in double circulatory system
-the low blood pressure blood is delivered back to the heart,risisjg it’s pressure again before sending it to the body
What is the function of heart
To pump blood around the body
What are the upper chambers called
Atrium
What are the lower chambers called
Ventricles
how is blood taken to the lungs
the blood in the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta which takes the blood around the body.the blood in the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary artery which takes the blood to the lungs
How is blood pumped out to the heart
Blood flows at the top into atria.the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein which comes from the lungs.the right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body coming through the vena cava from the atria.the blood flows into the ventricles,the muscles in the walls of the ventricles contract which pumps the blood out to the heart
what do valves help in
Valves prevent the back flow of blood
What does right atrium do
Receive deoxygenated blood
Right ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does vena cava do
Carry deoxygenated blood from the body
What does aorta do
carry oxygenated blood to the body
What does pulmonary artery do
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does pulmonary vein do
Carry oxygen gated blood form the lungs
What does left atrium do
Receive oxygenated blood
what does left ventricle do
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
What are the two valves
-semi lunar valves
-antroventricular valves
What antrio ventricular valve
Allows blood to flow from thr atria into the ventricles and prevent it from going in the opposite direction
What is semi lunar valve
Allows blood to flow from the ventricles into the arteries but stops from going out the other way
What is coroners arteries
Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
how do coronary arteries get blocked
They get blocked due to cholesterol deposits building inside the walls of the arteries
how is coronary heart disease caused
-coronary argues get blocked due to cholesterol deposits building inside the walls of the arteries
-the deposits makes the artery wall stiffer and lumen narrower,so it’s difficult for blood to pass through
-when coronary attires are blocked.the cardiac muscles doesn’t get oxygen and muscles cannot respire.
How do you prevent CHD
-stop smoking cigarettes
-take care of your diet
-regular exercise
-rescue stress
how is CHD formed
-eating diet contains a lot of cholesterol
-not doing enough exercise
-smoking
-too much stress
-Getting older
-genes
How do you treat CHD
-aspririn-reduces the likelihood of a blood clot forming and blocking a coronary artery
-angioplasty-a surgery to remove the blockage and open the coronary artery
-bypass-to add extra blood vessels
How do we monitor the activity of the heart
-ECG
-measuring the pulse rate
-listening to the sounds of the valves closing
How does the heart beat
-as the blood is collected in the atria it builds up a pressure
-the atria contracts,increases the pressure,push the blood into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves
-once blood flows into the ventricles,the antrioventricular valves are closed preventing flowing back to the blood
-the muscles of ventricles contract blood is pushed from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary artery
what are the three types of blood vessels
-arteries
-capillaries
-veins
what is the function of artery
Carry blood away from the heart
Why does arteries have a thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres
The blood inside arteries flow in high pressure because it flows from the heart.arteries need strong walls to withstand the high pressure of the blood flowing through them
Properties of arteries
-thick outer layer
-small lumen
-smooth lining
-thick layer of muscles and fibres
Function of capillaries
Supply all cells with their requirements and take away waste products
Properties of capillaries
-very small lumen
-made out of single layer cells
Why is capillaries one cell thick
Because it increases the rate of diffusion of sus stances in and out of capillaries
Function of veins
To return blood to the heart
why do veins have a large lumen
Because the pressure of blood inside veins is comparatively low,if lumen of veins were narrow,the blood flow will further slow down
What are the properties of veins
-fairly thin outer wall
-thin layer of muscles and elastic fibres
-large lumen
-smooth lining
What are the two blood vessels suppling blood from the kidney to the body
-rebel artery
-renal vein
What are the blood vessels supplying to the lung
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary vein
what does blood contain
-plasma
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
What is plasma
A liquid part of the blood
what does plasma contain
-mineral ions
-soluble nutrients
-hormones
-carbon dioxide
What is red blood cells
Biconcave blood cells with no nucleus,which transports oxygen
What is the red pigment present in red blood cells
Haemoglobin
why does red blood cells not have a nucleus or mitochondria
So that there will be more space for haemoglobin molecules
what is white blood cells
Blood cells with nucleus which helps defend against pathogens
How do white blood cells kill pathogens
-by phagocytosis (by engulfing the pathogen)
-releasing antibodies
How do white blood cells destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
1-a phagocyte movies towards a group of bacteria and flows around them
2-the phagocyte cell membrane fuses together,enclosing the bacteria in a vacuole
3-enzymes are secreted into the vacuole and digest the bacteria
4-soluble substances diffuse from the vacuole into the phagocytes cytoplasm
What is platelets
Tiny fragments present in blood which helps with clotting
What do platelets help in
Blood clotting
how does platelets help in blood clotting?
-platelets releases chemicals that cause soluble fib riven proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and forms fibres which are an insoluble mesh across the wound trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot
-The clot en eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from thr bacteria e entering
how can you monitor the activity of the heart
ECG
pulse rate
listening to sound of valves closing
