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IGCSE Biology > Chapter 15:reproduction in humans > Flashcards

Chapter 15:reproduction in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

State function of ovaries

A

Organs that produce female gametes (eggs)

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2
Q

State function of oviducts (fallopians tube)

A

Tubes leading from the ovaries to the uterus

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3
Q

State function of uterus

A

The organ in which a fetus develops before birth;also known as the womb

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4
Q

State the function of cervix

A

A narrow opening leading from the uterus to the vagina

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5
Q

State function of vagina

A

Opening from the uterus to the outside of the body

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6
Q

State the parts of female reproductive organ

A

-fallopian tube (oviduct)
-ovary
-uterus wall
-uterus lining
-cervix
-vagina

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7
Q

State the parts I’m the male reproductive organs

A

-testis
-scrotum
-sperm duct
-epididymis
-penis
-Prostate gland
-urethra
-erectile tissues

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8
Q

define testis

A

organs in which the male gametes (sperm) are made

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9
Q

define scrotum

A

the sac that contains the testes

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10
Q

define sperm duct

A

a tube that transports sperm from the testis to the urethra

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11
Q

Define penis

A

Organs containing the urethra,through which urine and seem are carried

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12
Q

Define prostate gland

A

organs that produces a nutritious fluid in which sperm are transported

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13
Q

define epididymis

A

part of the testis in which sperm are stored

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14
Q

describe fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nuclei from the male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)

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15
Q

State the parts of the human sperm

A

-flagellum
-middle piece containing mitochondria for swimming
-head
-nucleus containing mitochondria to release energy for swimming
-acrosome : contains digestive enzymes

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16
Q

how far can sperms swim

A

4 m per minute

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17
Q

What happens when a sperm cell contacts the jelly coat

A

When is sperm cell contacts the jelly coat surrounding an egg cell is activated. It releases its digestive enzymes. And these enzymes digest the jelly coat.This allows the head of the sperm to push through and get into the cytoplasm of the egg. Only The head of the sperm goes in and the flagellum is left out.the nucleus of the egg fuses with the nucleus of the sperm - fertilisation

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18
Q

Define embryo

A

The ball of cells that is produced by repeated division of the zygote

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19
Q

Define implementation

A

attachment of the embryo to the lining of the uterus

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20
Q

How does implantation happen

A

1-ovulation-a mature follicle bursts,and releases an egg into the oviduct
2-fertilisation-a sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus forming a zygote
3-the zygote divides
4-after several hours,a ball of cells is formed
5-the cells in the hall keep dividing as it moves down the oviduct.it is now a embryo
6-implantation-the embryo sinks into the soft living of the uterus
7-the placenta is formed

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21
Q

Define placenta

A

An organ that connects the growing fetus to its mother,in which the blood of the fetus and mother are brought close together so that materials can be exchanged between them

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22
Q

Describe the placenta

A

The placenta is soft,dark red and finger like projections called villi

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23
Q

Define fetus

A

An unborn mammal,in which all organs have been formed

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24
Q

Define umbilical cord

A

A structure containing blood vessels that connects the fetus to the placenta

25
Q

What gets passed in the placenta

A

-Oxygen and dissolved nutrients in the mothers blood diffuse across the placenta into the fetus’s blood and are carried along the umbilical cord to the fetus.
-carbon dioxide and other excretory products diffuse in the direction and are carried away in the mothers blood

26
Q

what are the unnecessary substances passed in the placenta

A

unwanted substances (carbon monoxide and alcohol) viruses which causes rubella are passed through the placenta

27
Q

Describe the placenta after the baby is born

A

The placenta is a flat disc about 12 cm in diameter and 3 cm thick

28
Q

define amniotic sac

A

a tough membrane that surrounds a developing fetus in the uterus

29
Q

Define amniotic fluid

A

Liquid secreted by the amniotic sac which supports and protects the fetus

30
Q

What’s a sign that a women is about to give birth

A

The contraction of muscles in the uterus wall often cause the amniotic sac to break,releasing the amniotic fluid so that it flows into the vagina

31
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone produced in men

A

testosterone

32
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone produced in women

A

oestrogen and progesterone

33
Q

Define puberty

A

the time at which sextuplets maturity is reached

34
Q

Define follicle

A

a structure within an ovary,in which an egg develops

35
Q

Define mensuration

A

The loss of the broken down uterus living through the vigina

36
Q

What hormones control the mensuration cycle

A

1-oestoegen
2-progesterone
3-FSH
4-LH

37
Q

What is secreted by ovaries

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

38
Q

What is secreted by the pituitary gland

A

FSH , LH

39
Q

define FSH

A

FSH is the follicle stimulating hormone,a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which causes a follicle to develop in ovary

40
Q

define LH

A

Luteinising hormone a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes ovulation to happen

41
Q

Define pituitary gland

A

A small endocrine gland attached to the underside of the brain

42
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

1-inside the ovary,a follicle containing an egg cell develops.the uterus lining is repaired .the developing follicle secrets oestrogen in increasing amounts .oestrogen causes the lining to be thicker and better supplied with blood
2-ovulation-the follicle bursts releasing an egg cell from the ovary.the oestrogen level decreases,fertilisation could take place.
3-the follicle turns into a corpus luteum.this secretes progesterone so the concentration of progesterone increases.the lining of the uterus becomes more vascular,ready to receive the embryo
4-menstruation -as the egg has not been fertilised the thick uterus lining is not needed it breaks down and gradually lost through the vagina

43
Q

What happens if the egg is fertilised

A

The preojestrone levels stay high.this happens because the corpus leteum remains in the ovary and continues to secrete projectrone,this helps to maintain the thick uterus lining so that the embryo can implant into it.once the placenta has developed,this takes over the role of screwing projestrone.

The high level of projestrone during pregnancy inhibit the secretion of FSH by pituitary gland,so no more follicle ps develop in the ovary

44
Q

Define sextuplets transmitted infection (STI)

A

a disease caused by pathogens that are transmitted during sextuplets contact

45
Q

How is a STU transmitted

A

By bacteria or viruses that can be passed from one person to another during sextuplets contact. Mainly (HIV / AIDS)

46
Q

define AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome,a disease caused by HIV,which destroys the white blood specks and therefore reduces the ability of the immune system to defend against other pathogen

47
Q

define HIV

A

the human immunodeficiency virus

48
Q

Where does HIV infect

A

HIV infects white blood cells specifically in T cells

49
Q

What controls HIV

A

A drug called antiretroviral

50
Q

How does antiretroviral help control HIV

A

they stop the virus from multiplying inside the persons cell

51
Q

how do you get affected with HIV

A

direct contact of body fluids

52
Q

How does a person become HIV positive

A

-through sexual contact
-through blood contact
-through breast feeding

53
Q

How is HIV passed through sexual contact

A

-HIV can live in the fluid inside the vigina,rectum and urethra
-during sexual intercourse,fluids from one partner coke in contact with fluids of the other
-the more sexual partners a person has,the higher chance of them becoming infected with HIV

54
Q

how do you prevent AIDS

A

-never have more than one sexual partner
-using a condom
-by knowing if you are infected by the virus so that health workers can trace the people who could have passed the virus on to

55
Q

How is AIDS passed from blood contact

A

-a person sharing blood directly to another
-mother to child during child birth when blood of the mothers comes in contact with the baby
-sharing hypodermic needles when injected with drugs

56
Q

How do you prevent AIDS through blood contact

A

-make sure the hypodermic needle used for injection is sterile
-wear protective gear when dealing with blood transfusions
-the ,other SHOUDL take in antireviral drugs

57
Q

How is HIV transferred during breast feeding

A

-if the mother has HIV it can get into her breast milk and so be passed to the baby

58
Q

how do you prevent HIV during breast feeding

A

Take antireviral drugs during pregnancy and breast feeding

IGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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