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Ross & Wilson A&P > Chapter 9: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are synthesised in endocrine glands and secreted in

A

The bloodstream

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2
Q

Hormones act

A

On specific receptors

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3
Q

Hormones on the membrane of distant cells (specific receptors), referred to as

A

Target cells

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4
Q

Homeostasis of the internal environment is controlled partly by

A

The autonomic nervous system and partly by the endocrine system

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5
Q

The release of these hormones varies within a 24 hour period

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Thyroid Stimulating hormone
  3. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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6
Q

Levels of which hormones are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Thyroid Stimulating hormone
  3. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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7
Q

Level of which hormone is controlled by positive feedback mechanism

A

Prolactin

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8
Q

Which is the most abundant hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone

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9
Q

Secretion of which hormone peaks in adolescence

A

Growth hormone

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10
Q

Circadian rhythm means that regular fluctuations in hormone levels occur over a period of

A

24 hours

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11
Q

Growth hormone stimulates

A
  1. Division of body cells

2. Protein synthesis

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12
Q

T3 is also known as

A

Tri-iodothyronine

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13
Q

Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during childbirth

A

Oxytocin

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14
Q

Stimulates secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

A

Luteinising hormone

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15
Q

Regulates tissue metabolism

A

Growth hormone

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16
Q

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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17
Q

Stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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18
Q

Stimulates production of the sperm in the testes

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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19
Q

Stimulates milk production in the breasts

A

Prolactin

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20
Q

Stimulates thyroid activity

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones are stored in

A

Axon terminals before their release

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22
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are secreted by

A

The posterior pituitary

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23
Q

Oxytocin acts on

A

Two different target tissues

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24
Q

ADH secretion is influenced by

A

Osmoreceptors

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25
Q

The mineral salt iodine is essential for synthesis of

A

Thyroid hormones

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26
Q

The dietary source for iodine is

A

Seafood

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27
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesised as large precursor molecules called

A

Thyroglobulin

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28
Q

Thyroglobulin are stored in

A

Follicles filled with colloid

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29
Q

Release of thyroid hormones in the blood is regulated by

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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30
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is controlled by

A

A negative feedback system

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31
Q

Secretion of thyroid hormones begins during fetal life and increases

A

At puberty and then remains fairly constant throughout life.

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32
Q

Calcitonin, has the opposite effect of

A

Parathyroid hormone

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33
Q

When increased blood calcium levels are needed, this occurs by

A
  1. Increased absorption of calcium in the small intestine

2. Increased absorption of calcium in the renal tubules

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34
Q

What helps to maintain normal levels of calcium in the blood?

A
  1. Blood clotting
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Neuromuscular activity
  4. Normal action of many enzymes
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35
Q

An abnormally high metabolic rate could be associated with

A

Thyroid gland

36
Q

Secretion is increased by stimulation of the autonomic nervous system

A

Adrenal medulla

37
Q

The inner layer of the gland

A

Adrenal medulla

38
Q

Secretion is influenced by circadian rhythm

A

Adrenal cortex

39
Q

Essential for life

A

Adrenal cortex

40
Q

Secretion of sex hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

41
Q

Involved in the short term response to stres

A

Adrenal medulla

42
Q

Secretion of cholesterol based hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

43
Q

Secretion stimulated by ‘fight or flight’ response

A

Adrenal medulla

44
Q

Insulin and glucagon exert antagonistic effects on

A

Blood glucose levels

45
Q

Insulin tends to lower blood concentrations of

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Amino acids
  3. Fatty acids
46
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by

A

The delta cells of the pancreatic islet

47
Q

Somatostatin inhibits secretion of

A

Both insulin and glucagon

48
Q

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone released by

A

The endocrine pancreas

49
Q

Secretion of insulin is stimulated by

A

High blood glucose levels and parasympathetic stimulation

50
Q

Factors that decrease the stimulation of insulin include the hormones

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Adrenaline
  3. Cortisol
51
Q

Insulins main function is to

A

Lower raised blood nutrient level especially glucose but amino acids and fatty acids

52
Q

Production of milk

A

Lactation

53
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

54
Q

Childbirth

A

Parturition

55
Q

Abnormal milk production

A

Galactorrhoea

56
Q

Tingling

A

Parasthesia

57
Q

Breathless

A

Dyspnoeic

58
Q

No mensturation

A

Amenorrhoea

59
Q

Great thirst

A

Polydipsia

60
Q

Pregnancy

A

Gestation

61
Q

Syndrome caused by hypersecretion of glucorticoid hormones

A

Cushings

62
Q

May be caused by a benign tumour of the parathyroid glands that secretes excess parathyroid hormone

A

Hyperparathroidism

63
Q

Type of diabetes associated with hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone

A

Insipidus

64
Q

Arises as a complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus when increased insulin requirements are not met

A

Ketoacidosis

65
Q

Meaning ‘large extremities’ a condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormones in adults

A

Acromegaly

66
Q

Benign tumour of the adrenal glands that secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Phaeochromocytoma

67
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults

A

Myxoedema

68
Q

Consequence of low aldosterone secretion

A

Hypoaldosteronism

69
Q

Increased excitability of peripheral nerves caused by hypocalcaemia

A

Tetany

70
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid associated with dietary iodine deficiency

A

Goitre

71
Q

Diabetes that arises during pregnancy

A

Gestational

72
Q

Type of coma associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus, caused by administration of too much insulin in relation to body requirements

A

Hypoglycaemic

73
Q

Low blood sodium levels

A

Hyponatraemia

74
Q

Protrusion of the eyeballs seen in hyperthyroidism

A

Exopthalmos

75
Q

Blood pH lower than normal

A

Acidosis

76
Q

A condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone in children

A

Gigantism

77
Q

Hormones secreted by the testes

A

Testosterone

78
Q

Another name for prolactin inhibiting hormone

A

Dopamine

79
Q

Large precursor molecule of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

A

Thyroglobulin

80
Q

Low blood calcium levels

A

Hypocalcaemia

81
Q

Meaning healthcare induced

A

Iatrogenic

82
Q

Difficulty in swallowing

A

Dysphagia

83
Q

Another name for GHRIH

A

Somatostatin

84
Q

High blood potassium levels

A

Hyperkalaemia

85
Q

Normal heart rhythm less than 60bpm

A

Sinus bradycardia

Ross & Wilson A&P (9 decks)

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