Chapter 4: The blood Flashcards
Fluid connective tissue
Blood
Blood transports
Oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones, heat, antibodies and clotting factors
Plasma
clear, straw coloured, watery fluid that blood is composed from
Plasma constitutes
55%
45% cellular fraction of blood
Plasma proteins
Albumins, Globulins and clotting factors
Albumins
Maintain osmotic pressure and are carrier molecules for free fatty acids, drugs and steroid hormones
Globulins
Antibodies (immunogloblins)
Transport hormones
Inhibit certain enzymes
Clotting factors
The most abundant being fibrinogen
I Fibrinogen
II Prothrombin
III Tissue factor (thromboplastin)
IV Calcium (Ca2+)
V Labile factor, proaccelerin, Ac-globulin
VII Stable factor, proconvertin
VIII Antihaemophilic globulin (AHG) factor A
IX Christmas factor, plasma thromboplastin component (PTA), antihaemophilic factor B
X Stuart prower factor
XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)
XII Hageman factor
XIII Fibrin stabilising factor
There is no factor VI
Vitamin K is essential for II, VII, IX and X
Three types of blood cell
Erythrocytes (red blood cell),
Leukocytes (white blood cell) and
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Haemopoiesis
The process of blood cell formation
Biconcave disks that have no nucleus, 7 micrometres in diameter and mainly transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
Haemoglobin
Large pigmented protein known as haem and is responsible for gas exchange.
Each molecule can carry up to 4 molecules of oxygen
There are millions of molecules in each red blood cell.
Life span of erythrocytes in circulation is
120 days
Erythropoiesis
Development of red blood cells from stem cells and takes about 7 days
Vitamin required for red blood cell synthesis
Vitamin B12 and Folic acid
Saturated
When all four haemoglobin molecules are full
Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO)
Haemoglobin (Hb) reversibly binds to oxygen (O2)
Oxygen rich blood
Red
Oxygen poor blood
Blue
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels
Blood Group A
Antigen A,
makes anti B antibodies
Blood Group B
Antigen B,
makes anti A antibodies
Blood Group AB
Antigen A and B,
makes neither A or B antibodies
Universal Recipent
Blood Group O
No antigen
makes both anti A and anti B antibodies
Universal Donor
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Important for immunity
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes
There formation being granulopoiesis
Baophil, Neutrophil and Eosinophil
Neutrophils
Small, fast and active scavengers protect the body against bacterial invasion and remove dead cells and debris from damaged tissues
Eosinophils
Elimination of parasites such as worms
Basophils
Packed with heparin and histamine
Agranulocytes
Large nucleus and no granules
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Phagocytic and some develop into macrophages
Lymphocytes
Smaller than monocytes and have a large nuclei
Present in lymphatic tissue
Respond to antigens
Platelets
very small non nucleated discs
Blood clotting
Thrombopoietin excreted from the kidneys which stimulate platelet synthesis
Life span 8-11 days
Haemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
Fibrinolysis
