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Ross & Wilson A&P > Chapter 1: The Body And Its Constituents > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Body And Its Constituents Flashcards

0
Q

The study of how the body system works and the ways in which their integrated activities maintain life.

A

Physiology

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1
Q

The study of the structure if the body and the physical relationships between body systems.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of abnormalities and how they affect body functions, often causing illness

A

Pathology

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3
Q

The smallest independent unit of living matter, there are trillions of them within the body.

A

Cells

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4
Q

Specialised cell type

A

Carries out a particular function that contributes to body needs

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5
Q

Cells with similar structure and function are bound together to form

A

Tissues

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6
Q

Several types of tissue have evolved together to carry out a specific function

A

Organs

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7
Q

Several types of organs and tissues working together to contribute to one or more survival needs of the body.

A

System

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8
Q

Several systems which work interdependently to carry out specific functions.

A

Human body

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9
Q

Surrounds the body and is the source of oxygen and nutrients required by all body cells.

A

External environment

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10
Q

Water based medium in which body cells exist

A

Internal environment

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11
Q

Cells are bathed in this fluid

A

Interstitial or tissue fluid

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12
Q

A potential barrier to substances entering or leaving the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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13
Q

The structure of the membrane controls which substances can enter or leave the cell

A

Selective permeability or semipermeability

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14
Q

Dynamic ever changing situation that is kept within narrow limits

A

Homeostasis

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15
Q

Determines the limits within which the variable factor should be maintained.

A

The control centre

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16
Q

An input from stimulus is received by

A

The detector or sensor

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17
Q

An incoming signal indicates that an adjustment is needed and so the control centre responds and signals to

A

The effector

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18
Q

The effector response decreases the effect of the original stimulus maintaining/restoring homeostasis

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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19
Q

The stimulus progressively increases the response, so that’s long as the stimulus is continued the response is amplified

A

Positive feedback system

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20
Q

Afferent

A

Towards control centre

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21
Q

Efferent

A

Away from control centre

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22
Q

A type of Negative feedback

A

Body temperature

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23
Q

A type of positive feedback

A

Labour and the release of oxytocin

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24
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

The fine control of a factor in the internal environment is inadequate and the level of the factor falls outside the normal range

25
Q

Transport systems

A

Ensure that all cells have access to the internal and external environments;

  • the blood,
  • the circulatory system and
  • lymphatic system
26
Q

Communication systems

A

Involve receiving, collating and responding to appropriate information

  • internal environment - nervous and endocrine
  • external environment - special senses, non verbal activities and nervous
27
Q

Transports substances around the body through a large network of vessels

A

Blood

28
Q

Plasma

A

Mainly water with substances dissolved in it such as

  • nutrients
  • oxygen
  • hormones
  • waste material for excretion
29
Q

Types of blood cells

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

30
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

Transport oxygen and CO2 from lungs and all body cells

31
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

Protect the body against infection and foreign substances

32
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

Tiny cell fragments that help in blood clotting

33
Q

Circulatory system

A

Consists of blood vessels and the heart

34
Q

Types of Blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

35
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

36
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart

37
Q

Capillaries

A

Link the arteries and veins

38
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Involves the lungs where oxygen is absorbed from the air into the lungs and at the same time carbon dioxide is excreted from the blood to the air

39
Q

General or systemic circulation

A

Involves cells in all other parts of the body

(other than the lungs)

40
Q

Muscular sac which pumps blood round the body and maintains the blood pressure

A

Heart

41
Q

The rate at which the heart beats

A

Can be detected by feeling the pulse

42
Q

Aetiology

A

Cause of disease

43
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The nature of the disease process and it’s effect on normal body functioning

44
Q

Complications

A

Other consequences which might arise if the disease progresses

45
Q

Prognosis

A

The likely outcome

46
Q

Acute

A

A disease with a sudden onset often requiring urgent treatment

47
Q

Acquired

A

A disorder which develops any time after birth

48
Q

Chronic

A

A long standing disorder which cannot usually be cured

49
Q

Congenital

A

A disorder which one is born with

50
Q

Sign

A

An abnormality seen or measure by people other than the patient

51
Q

Symptom

A

An abnormality described by the patient

52
Q

Syndrome

A

A collection of signs and symptoms which tend to occur together

53
Q

Inflammation

A

Tissue response to any kind of tissue damage such as trauma or infection

54
Q

Tumour

A

These arise when abnormal cells escape body surveillance and proliferate

55
Q

Abnormal immune mechanisms

A

These are responses of the normally protective immune system that cause undesirable effect

56
Q

Thrombosis, embolism and infarction

A

These are the effects and consequences of abnormal changes in the blood and or blood vessels

57
Q

Degeneration

A

Often associated with normal ageing but may arise prematurely when structures arise and impair function

58
Q

Metabolic abnormalities

A

These cause undesirable metabolic effects eg diabetes mellitus

59
Q

Genetic abnormalities

A

These may be inherited or caused by environmental factors such as exposure to ionising radiation

Ross & Wilson A&P (9 decks)

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