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Ross & Wilson A&P > Chapter 3: The cells, tissues and organisation of the body > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The cells, tissues and organisation of the body Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Are the smallest functional unit of the body

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2
Q

Cells are grouped together to form

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Different tissues are grouped together to form

A

Organs

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4
Q

Organs are grouped together to form

A

Systems

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5
Q

Zygote

A

The human body develops from a single cell, which is the result of the fusion of the ovum and the spermatozoon

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6
Q

A cell consists of

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles - incl Nucleus

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7
Q

Types of organelles

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and cytoskeleton

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Two layers of phospholipids with protein and sugar molecules embedded in them, plus lipid cholesterol is present.

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9
Q

Phospholipid

A

Hydrophillic, electrically charged head

Hydrophobic, no charge tail

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Is the largest organelle and contained within the nuclear envelope with pores in order for substances to pass between it and the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Nucleus contains the genetic material

A

46 chromosomes - DNA

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

During cell division the chromosomes resemble a fine network of threads

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13
Q

A roughly spherical structure contained within the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sausage shaped structure
Power house of the cell
Synthesis of ATP

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Tiny granules composed of RNA and protein
  • Synthesise proteins from amino acids
  • Found on the outer surface of the nuclear envelop or on rough endoplasmic reticulum
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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Extensive series of interconnecting membranous canals in the cytoplasm
  • Smooth ER synthesises lipids and steroid hormones
    Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is used for protein synthesis
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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Consists of stacks of closely folded membranous sacs

* Proteins from Rough ER are packaged into secretory granules

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18
Q

Lysomes

A
  • Break down fragments of organelles and large molecules inside the cell
  • Or in white blood cells ingest foreign material
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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Consists of an extensive network of tiny protein fibres
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Centrosome
  • Cell Extensions
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20
Q

Microfilaments

A

The smallest fibres, provide structural support and maintain shape of the cell

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21
Q

Microtubules

A

Larger contractile protein fibres that move organelles in the cell, chromosomes during cell division and cell extensions

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22
Q

Centrosome

A

This directs organisation of microtubules within the cell. It consists of a pair of centrioles and plays an important part during cell division

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23
Q

Cell extensions

A
  • Microvilli - tiny projections (greatly increase surface area)
  • Cilia - hair like projections (beat in unison eg to move mucus upwards in the respiratory tract
  • Flagella - single long whip projections
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24
Q

Most body cells have 46 chromosomes and divide by

A

Mitosis - two new genetically identical daughter cells

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25
Q

The formation of gametes, ova and spermatozoa

A

Meiosis

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26
Q

The period between two cell divisions is known as

A

The cell cycle

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27
Q

There are two phases of the cell cycle that can be seen on light microscopy

A

Mitosis (M phase)

Interphase

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28
Q

Interphase

A

Longer phase with three stages:

  • First gap phase (G1) the cell grows in size and volume
  • Synthesis of DNA (S phase) Chromosomes replicate forming two identical copies of DNA (96 chromosomes)
  • Second gap phase (G2) further growth and preparation of cell division
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29
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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30
Q

Prophase

A

The replicated chromatin become tightly coiled and easier to see. The chromosomes pair with its copy and are joined to each other at the centomere. Mitotic apparatus consists of two centrioles seperated by the mitotic spindle. The centrioles migrate one to each end of the cell and the nuclear envelope disappears.

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31
Q

Metaphase

A

The chromatids align on the centre of the spindle attached by the chromosomes

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32
Q

Anaphase

A

Cetromeres seperate and one pair of the sister chromatids migrate to each end of the spindle as the microtubules form the mitotic spindle

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33
Q

Telophase

A

The mitotic spindle disappears, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear envelope reforms.

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34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm, intracellular organelles and plasma membrane split forming two identical daughter cells

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35
Q

Passive Transport

A

Substances move down concentration gradient without using energy

36
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive process

Specialised protein carrier molecules in the membrane assist substances across (lock and key - specific)

37
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water down concentration gradient

38
Q

Active transport

A

Transport of substances up the concentration gradient using the chemical energy ATP

39
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Active transport mechanism maintains the unequal concentrations of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the plasma membrane

  • Potassium levels higher inside
  • Sodium levels higher on the outside
  • 30% of cellar ATP requirements
40
Q

Bulk transport

A
  • Transfer of particles too large to cross cell membrane occurs by pinocytosis or phagocytosis - engulfed by cytoplasm
  • Export of waste materials from the cell is called exocytosis
41
Q

Types of tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous tissue

42
Q

Epithelial Tissue is

A

A group of tissue found covering the body and lining the cavities, hollow organs and tubes.

43
Q

Epithelial tissue is for

A

Protection, secretion and absorption

44
Q

The cells are very closely packed and the intracellular substance is minimal

A

The matrix

45
Q

The cells usually lie on a

A

Basement membrane

46
Q

A single layer of cells

A

Simple epithelium

47
Q

Several layers of cells

A

Stratified epithelium

48
Q

Three types of Simple epithelium

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium

49
Q

Squamous epithelium lines these structures

A

Heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, alveoli of the lungs, lining of the collecting ducts of nephrons in the kidneys. These are flat cells.

50
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

It forms the kidney tubules and is involved in secretion, absorption and excretion. Cube shape

51
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Has adaptations such as cilia to aid in the movement of mucus in respiratory tract or ova are moved in the uterine tubes. Tall cells wth basal nuclei.

52
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Many layers that become flattened and then shed

53
Q

Keratinised stratified epithelium

A

Found on dry surfaces and provide a waterproof protective layer that prevents drying of live cells.

54
Q

Non keratinised epithelium

A

Where the internal cavity meets the external environment

55
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

This is composed of several layers of pear shaped cells. Found in the urinary bladder and allows for the stretching as the bladder fills

56
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Is the most abundant tissue in the body

57
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Binding and structural support
Protection
Transport
Insulation

58
Q

Types of connective tissue (excluding blood)

A

Fibroblasts, Fat cells, Macrophages, Leukocytes, Plasma cells, Mast cells

59
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • Large cells with irregular processes.
  • They produce collagen and elastin fibres
    *Reticulin fibres
    Tissue repair and granulation tissue
60
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipocytes, vary in size and shape according to fat content

61
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Irregular shaped cells with granules in the cytoplasm.

* Aid defense mechanisms by engulfing and digesting foreign particles

62
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, found in small numbers in healthy tissue but are in vast numbers during infection.

63
Q

Plasma cells

A

Develop from B-lymphocytes, they synthesise and secrete defence specific antibodies into the blood and tissue

64
Q

Mast cells

A

Similar to basophil leukocytes, and produce histamine and heparin.
Histamine for inflammation reactions
Heparin prevents coagulation of blood

65
Q

Loose (areolar) Connective tissue

A

The matrix is semi solid and many fibroblasts and some fat cells, mast cells and macrophages

66
Q

Loose (areolar) Connective tissue, connects and supports

A

Under the skin, between muscles, supporting blood vessels and nerves, alimentary canal and in glands supporting secretory cells

67
Q

Two types of Adipose tissue

A

White and brown adipose tissue

68
Q

Adipose tissue

A

consists of fat cells, (adipocytes),

69
Q

White adipose tissue

A

Makes up 20-25% of body weight (in well nourished adults - acts as a thermal insulator

70
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Present in the newborn

71
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Reticular cells and white blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes)

72
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Contain more fibres and fewer cells than loose connective tissue

73
Q

Fibrous tissue

A

Ligaments, Periosteum (outer covering for bone), Outer covering for some organs, muscle fascia, tendon

74
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Is capable of considerable extension and recoil. Few cells and matrix consists mainly of elastic fibres secreted by fibroblasts.

75
Q

Blood

A

Fluid connective tissue

76
Q

Cartilage

A

Firmer than other connective tissues, the cels are chondrocytes. Three types are:

  • Hyaline cartilage,
  • Fibrocartilage and
  • Elastic fibrocartilage
77
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Smooth blueish white tissue found on the ends of long bones, costal cartilage attach the ribs to the sternum and part of the larynx, trachea and bronchi

78
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Dense masses of white collagen fibres:
Intervertebral discs
Semilunar Cartilages
Ligaments

79
Q

Elastic Fibres

A

Flexible tissue consists of yellow elastic fibres lying in a solid matrix

80
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteocytes

81
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Able to contract and relax, providing movement within the body.
Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue

82
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary and conscious control

83
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary

84
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Muscle found round the heart wall and not under conscious control

85
Q

Nervous tissue

A 
Excitable cells (neurons) and 
Non-excitable cells (glial cells)

Ross & Wilson A&P (9 decks)

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