Chapter 7: The Nervous System Flashcards
Cell bodies form the grey matter of the nervous system
True
Groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are known as
Ganglia
Node of Ranvier are a feature of
Myelinated neurones
Area of the neurone that generates action potential
Dendrite
Chemical that stimulates the postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter
Sensory receptor that respond to changes in presure
Baroreceptor
Nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibres
Mixed
Sensory receptor that responds to chemicals
Chemoreceptor
Sensory receptor that detects the position of muscles and joints
Proprioceptor
Nerve that stimulates gland and smooth muscle
Autonomic
Nerve that carries impulses towards the CNS
Afferent
Nerve that carries impulses away from the CNS
Efferent
Astocytes attach to
- Neurones
2. Blood vessels
One of the components of the blood brain barrier is
Astrocytes
Schwann cells have a similar function in the peripheral nervous system as these cells have in the Central Nervous System
Oligodendrocytes
Potassium
K+
Sodium
Na+
Presynaptic
Postsynaptic
Sensory
Motor
Sympathetic
Para-sympathetic
Myelinated
Non-myelinated
Depolarisation
Repolarisation
Cell Bodies
Grey matter
Equivalent of the periosteum of other bones
Dura mater
Forms the filum terminale
Pia mater
Surrounds the venous sinuses
Dura mater
Contains the epidural space in the spinal cord
Dura mater
Contains two layers of dense fibrous tissue
Dura mater
Consists of five connective tissue
Pia mater
The middle layer of the meninges
Arachnoid mater
Layer 1
Skull
Layer 2
Dura mater
Layer 3
Arachnoid mater
Layer 4
Space containing CSF
Layer 5
Pia mater
Necessary for secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
- Choroid Plexuses
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
CSF circulation is aided by
- Breathing
- Pulsing blood vessels
- Changes in posture
CSF normally contains
Albumin, globulin, white blood cells, glucose
CSF passes into the blood through the
Arachnoid villi
Forms superficial layer of cerebrum
Grey matter
Forms deep layer of cerebrum
White matter
Deep cleft that divides cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Convolutions of cerebral hemisphers
Gyri
Fissures
Sulci
Connect corresponding parts of the two cerebral hemisphers
Comissural tacts
Connect different parts of one cerebral hemisphere
Association tracts
Primary motor area
Motor area
Auditory area
Sensory area
Parieto-occipital area
Association area
Premotor area
Association area
Olfactory area
Sensory area
Broca’s area
Sensory area
Prefrontal area
Association area
Olfactory area
Sensory area
Visual area
Sensory area
Perception of hearing
Auditory area
Perception of smell
Olfactory area
Controls the muscles needed for speech
Broca’s area
Perception of speech
Wernicke’s area
Understanding of written language
Parieto-occipital area
Perception of pain, touch, pressure
Somatosensory area
Understanding the passage of time, normal management of emotions
Prefrontal area
The hypothalamus controls secretion of the posterior pituitary gland by
connecting nerve fibres
The hypothalamus controls
- The autonomic nervous system
2. appetite
The hypothalamus is involved in
body water balance
The pons is situated
Below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
The cerebellum is involved in coordination of
- Fine, precise movements
- Voluntary muscle movements
- Posture
- Balance
Proprioceptor impulses arise from
Muscles
Area of the cerebral cortex where perception of pain and touch occurs
Somatosensory
Posterior lobe of the brain
Occipital
Term used to describe crossing over of white matter at the medulla oblongata
Decussation
Part of the brain stem between the cerebrum and the brain
Diencephalon
Fissures in the cerebral cortex
Sulci
Area of the medulla which controls the rate and force of the heart beat
Cardiovascular centre
Area of the brain that selectively blocks or forwards information to the cerebral cortex
Reticular activating system
Area of the skin which sensory receptors contribute to spinal nerve
Dermatome
Motor fibres within the brain that pass through the internal capsule form these tracts
Pyramidal
Sensory area of the cerebral cortex for perception of smell
Olfactory
Part of the brain which coordinates posture and balance
Cerebellum
Type of tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to lower parts of the brain or spinal cord
Projection
The white matter of the nervous system is made up of
Myelinated fibres
Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to
Receptors of the postsynaptic neurone
The peripheral nervous system includes
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their branches
The peripheral nervous system includes
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Glands
Activity of the SNS is
Fast and involuntary
Two neurones conduct impulses to the effector organs
Presynaptic and Postsynaptic
The synapses are found within the sympathetic ganglia and the neurotransmitter here is
Acetylcholine
SNS activity is associated with
The ‘fight or flight’ response
The following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation
Constriction of the bronchioles
Increased peristalsis
PNS
Pupil constriction
PNS
Increased adrenal gland secretion
SNS
Increased salivation
PNS
Bronchodilation
SNS
Decreased pulse rate
PNS
Decreased urine production
SNS
Decreased secretion of gastric juice
SNS
Structures within the neurone that contain the neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles
Term that describes nerves that carry impulses towards the spinal cord
Afferent
Part of the neurone that receives incoming impulses
Dendrites
Sheaf of nerves formed by lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves at the base of the vertebral column
Cauda Equina
Outer layer of the meninges
Dura mater
Cranial nerves involved in hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear
One of the three pre vertebral ganglia
Coeliac
Area of the skin whose sensory receptors contribute to a spinal nerve
Dermatome
Organ which when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, augments its activity
Adrenal gland
Convolutions of the cerebral hemisphers
Gyri
Nerves that form the plexuses
Spinal
Type of conduction in a myelinated nerve
Saltatory
Accumulation of CSF around the brain
Hydrocephalus
Condition that is usually reversible that is evident by drooping of one side of the face
Bell’s Palsy
Dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord
Syringomyelia
Disease that is thought to be caused by the transmission of prion protein
Creutzfeld Jacob
Group of disease that affect several peripheral nerves
Polyneuropathy
The commonest form of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Inflammation of the meninges
Menigitis
Comment neural tube defect that arise in foetal life
Spina bifida
The result of hypoxia due to interruption of the blood flow to the brain
Stroke
Often caused by rupture of a berry aneurysm
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Condition characterised by lack of control and coordination of muscle movement
Parkinson’s disease
Caused by the herpes zoster virus that often remains dormant the posterior root ganglia
Shingles
