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Ross & Wilson A&P > Chapter 2: Introduction to the chemistry of life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Introduction to the chemistry of life Flashcards

1
Q

The smallest unit of an element that exists as a stable entity.

A

Atom

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2
Q

A substance containing only one type of atom

A

Element

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3
Q

A substance containing two or more different types of atoms

A

Compound

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4
Q

How many naturally occurring elements?

A

92

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5
Q

Living tissue composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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6
Q

Atom structure

A

A nucleus containing protons and neutrons

* With electrons orbiting the outside

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7
Q

Neutrons are

A

Neutral and carry no electric charge

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8
Q

Protons are

A

Positively charged

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9
Q

Electrons are

A

Negatively charged

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10
Q

What makes one element different from another?

A

The atomic number

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11
Q

The atomic number

A

Is the number of protons in the nuclei

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12
Q

The atomic weight

A

Of an element is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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13
Q

The electron configuration

A

Describes the distribution of the electrons in each element

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14
Q

Electron shells

A

2 in the first
8 in the second
18 in the third, and
32 in the fourth

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15
Q

Isotopes

A

These are atoms of an element in which there is a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. This does not effect the activity of the atom just the atomic weight.

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16
Q

Molecules

A

Consist of two or more atoms that are chemically combined

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17
Q

Compound

A

two or more elements combined the molecule is referred to as

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18
Q

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen are classified as

A

Organic

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Are formed when atoms share their electrons with each other

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20
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Are weaker and are formed by electrons being transferred from one atom to another

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21
Q

Cation

A

Positive charge

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22
Q

Anion

A

Negative charge

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23
Q

Electrolyte

A

an ionic compound dissolved in water and can conduct electricity

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24
Q

Mole

A

Molecular weight in grams of a substance

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25
Q

Chloride (normal plasma levels)

A

97-106 mmol/L or

97-106 mEq/l

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26
Q

Sodium (normal plasma levels)

A

135-143 mmol/L or

135-143 mEq/l

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27
Q

Glucose (normal plasma levels)

A

3.5-5.5 mmol/L or

60-100 mg/100ml

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28
Q

Iron (normal plasma levels)

A

14-35 mmol/L or

90-196 mg/100ml

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29
Q

PH

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is the measure of the acidity of the solution

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30
Q

PH scale

A

0-14
0-6.9 acid
7 neutral
7.9-14 alkaline

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31
Q

Ph value of blood

A

7.35-7.45

32
Q

Ph value of Saliva

A

5.4-7.5

33
Q

Ph value of Gastric Juice

A

1.5-3.5

34
Q

Ph value of Bile

A

6-8.5

35
Q

Ph value of Urine

A

4.5-8

36
Q

PH equation

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Carbon Water Carbonic Hydrogen Bicarbona
dioxide acid ion -te ion

37
Q

Acid base balance

A

Maintained by the buffer and excretory systems so that the ph range of blood stays within normal, narrow range limits

38
Q

Acidosis

A

Ph falls below 7.35

39
Q

Alkalosis

A

Ph rises above 7.45

40
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

* Arranged in a ring

41
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

two sugars combine to form a bigger sugar and a water molecule is expelled

42
Q

One unit of sugar

A

Monosaccharide

43
Q

Two sugar units

A

Disaccharide

44
Q

Many sugar units

A

Polysaccharide

45
Q

Proteins

A

Made from amino acids joining together

20 amino acid types

46
Q

Amino acids always contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and many contain sulphur

47
Q

Peptide bond

A

two amino acids combine to form a bigger molecule and a water molecule is expelled

48
Q

Protein

A

is an alternate energy source

49
Q

Glucose is the

A

prefered source of energy for the cells

50
Q

Lipids are

A

a diverse group of substances with an inability to mix with water
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

51
Q

Phospholipid

A

Double layer Cell membrane with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

52
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A, D, E and K

53
Q

Fats (triglyceride) stored in

A

Adipose tissue

54
Q

Fats are classified as

A

Saturated or Unsaturated

55
Q

Saturated

A

Are solid at room temperature

56
Q

Unsaturated

A

Are liquid at room temperature

57
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Important chemicals derived from fatty acids and are involved in inflammation and other processes

58
Q

Cholesterol

A

is a lipid made in the liver and available in the diet. It is an integral part of cell membranes and is used to make steroid hormones

59
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Largest molecule in the body and are built from nucleotides.
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA - ribonucleic acid

60
Q

ATP - Adenosine triphosphate

A

is a nucleotide that contains ribose (the sugar unit), adenine (the base and three phosphate groups
‘The energy currency of the body’

61
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that are catalysts for biochemical reactions

62
Q

Substrate

A

molecule entering an enzyme reaction

63
Q

Active site

A

the substrate will bind to a specific part of the enzyme

64
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

When an enzyme catalyses the combination of two or more substances into a larger product

65
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Involves the breakdown of the substrate into smaller products, as occurs in digestion of food

66
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down its concentration gradient

67
Q

Passive

A

requiring no energy

68
Q

Active Transport

A

requiring energy

69
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

70
Q

Isotonic

A

solution equal on both sides of the membrane

71
Q

Hypotonic

A

a dilute solution

72
Q

Hypertonic

A

A concentrated solution

73
Q

The total amount of body water in an adult

A

60% of body weight

40 litres

74
Q

Extracellular water

A

22%

12 litres

75
Q

Intracellular water

A

38%

28 litres

Ross & Wilson A&P (9 decks)

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