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Ross & Wilson A&P > Chapter 5. The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 5. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do veins have thinner walls than arteries?

A

They carry blood at lower pressure than arteries.

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2
Q

Collateral circulation is

A

More than one artery supplying an area

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3
Q

What function do the valves serve in blood vessels

A

Valves keep the blood flow in one direction

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4
Q

Valves are formed from which type of tisssue

A

Connective

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5
Q

Increasing the diameter of a blood vessel

A

Vasodilation

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6
Q

The term for the force that pulls fluid into the capillary tissues

A

Osmotic Pressure

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7
Q

The tissue lining blood vessels

A

Endothelial

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8
Q

Structures in veins ensuring one-way flow

A

Valves

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9
Q

Veins can be referred to as these, because they can hold a large quantity of blood

A

Capacitance Vessels

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10
Q

The mechanism by which gases move across capillary walls

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

The term given to exchange of gases across capillary walls in the tissue

A

Internal Respiration

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12
Q

The middle layer of blood vessel walls

A

Tunica Media

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13
Q

The term for the pressure of blood against the wall of the blood vessel

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

The type of vessel that drains excess tissue fluid away from the tissues

A

Lymphatic Capillary

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15
Q

Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel

A

Vasoconstriction

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16
Q

The layer of the blood vessel wall that secretes nitric oxide

A

Tunica Intima

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17
Q

The layers of blood vessel from inside to out

A
  1. The lumen
  2. Tunica Intima
  3. Tunica Media
  4. Tunica adventitia
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18
Q

The layer of the blood vessel wall composed mainly of fibrous tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

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19
Q

The middle layer of the blood vessel wall

A

Tunica Media

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20
Q

The layer of the blood vessel wall is only one cell thick

A

Tunica intima

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21
Q

The opening down the middle of a blood vessel

A

Lumen

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22
Q

The wall of large arteries, such as aorta, is rich in this is

A

Elastic tissue

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23
Q

The term of a blood vessel with a significant capacity for dilation and constriction, in order to control blood flow

A

Resistance vessel

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24
Q

The term for a blood vessel that expands readily to accommodate large quantities of blood at relatively low pressure

A

Capacitance vessel

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25
Q

The type of tissue that lines a blood vessel

A

Endothelium

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26
Q

A small artery

A

Arteriole

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27
Q

An artery that links two other arteries

A

Anastomosis

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28
Q

An artery with no other openings except into the capillary bed

A

End artery

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29
Q

The term for a blockage of a blood vessel

A

Occlusion

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30
Q

Represents ventricular repolarisation

A

T wave

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31
Q

Represents atrial depolarisation

A

P wave

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32
Q

Represents ventricular depolarisation

A

QRS complex

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33
Q

The term for the normal heart rhythm

A

Sinus rhythm

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34
Q

An unusually slow heart rate

A

Bradycardia

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35
Q

An unusually high heart rate

A

Tachycardia

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36
Q

An abnormal heart rhythm

A

Arrhythmia

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37
Q

The machine used to record the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiograph

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38
Q

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram

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39
Q

Cardiac contraction

A

Systole

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40
Q

Cardiac Relaxation

A

Diastole

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41
Q

Electrical activation of a myocardial cell

A

Depolarisation

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42
Q

Restoration of the myocardial cell membrane potential to its resting state

A

Repolarisation

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43
Q

The normal pattern of impulse conduction through the heart is

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of his, Purkinje fibres

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44
Q

What is being measured by an electrocardiograph

A

Electrical conductivity

45
Q

The QRS complex represents

A

Repolarisation of the atria and depolarisation of the ventricles

46
Q

If the AV node were forced to assume pacemaker activity, what would be the resulting pulse rate?

A

40 - 60 beats per minute

47
Q

Blood flow through the cardiovascular system

A

Venules, Veins, Heart, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries

48
Q

When the ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close because the pressure in the

A

Ventricles is greater than the atria

49
Q

The cardiac valves ensure that the flow of blood in the heart is in one direction. Where else in the cardiovascular system are there valves that do the same thing?

A

Medium sized veins

50
Q

The characteristic sound of the heart beat through a stethoscope placed on the chest wall due to

A

Closing of the valves inside the heart

51
Q

At which point in the cardiac cycle are the walls of the aorta most stretched?

A

During the first heart sound

52
Q

Covers the valves of the heart

A

Endocardium

53
Q

Secretes pericardial fluid

A

Serous pericardium

54
Q

Continuous with the lining of the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart

A

Endocardium

55
Q

Muscle found only in the heart

A

Myocardium

56
Q

Single layer of cells

A

Endocardium

57
Q

Is part of a double membrane, folded back on itself

A

Serous pericardium

58
Q

Junctions between its cells are called intercalated discs

A

Myocardium

59
Q

Contains the pericardial space

A

Serous pericardium

60
Q

Thickest in the left ventricle

A

Myocardium

61
Q

The structure referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is

A

SA node

62
Q

Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the

A

Atria

63
Q

Chordae Tendinae are associated with the following structures

A

Mitral valve and tricuspid valve

64
Q

Ventricals

A
  1. Pumping chamber of the heart
  2. The myocardium of the ventricals is thicker than the atria
  3. The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right
65
Q

Detect chemical changes in the blood

A

Chemoreceptors

66
Q

One location at which baroreceptors are found

A

Carotid Sinuses

67
Q

Most blood vessels have little of this type of autonomic stimulation

A

Parasympathetic

68
Q

Baroreceptors respond to this in the blood vessel wall

A

Stretch

69
Q

This steroid hormone increases blood pressure by increasing blood pressure by increasing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney

A

Aldosterone

70
Q

The mechanism responsible for control of blood pressure by regulating blood volume

A

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

71
Q

The posterior pituitary hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure by increasing water reabsorption

A

Antidiuretic hormone

72
Q

The hormone from the atria reduces blood pressure

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

73
Q

The response of blood vessels to hypoxia

A

Vasoconstriction

74
Q

The mechanism that regulates blood pressure on a moment to moment basis

A

Baroreceptor reflex

75
Q

The region in the brainstem responsible for control of blood pressure

A

Cardiovascular centre

76
Q

The term for a reduction in blood pressure

A

Hypotension

77
Q

Which branch of the abdominal aorta are unpaired

A

Coeiliac artery

78
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

Where the aorta passes through the diaphragm.

79
Q

Which vein does the cephalic vein empty into?

A

Axillary vein

80
Q

The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of which vessels?

A

Internal and external iliac veins

81
Q

Most of the venous drainage in the abdomen is by veins named for their corresponding arteries, but an important exception is the portal vein that links which abdominal regions?

A

Liver and intestines

82
Q

Which unusual arrangement of blood vessels is associated with the portal circulation?

A

Blood passes through two sets of capillaries before returning to the venous circulation

83
Q

What is the function of the portal circulation?

A

To regulate the concentration of substances in the blood coming from the intestine

84
Q

The cystic vein drains which organ?

A

The Gall Bladder

85
Q

The best definition of a vein is a vessel that….

A

Carries blood towards the heart

86
Q

Low pressure circuit

A

Pulmonary circulation

87
Q

Supplied by the Left ventricle

A

Systemic circulation

88
Q

Returns blood to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary circulation

89
Q

Carries blood into the aorta

A

Systemic circulation

90
Q

Supplied by the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary circulation

91
Q

High pressure circuit

A

Systemic circulation

92
Q

Also called the general circulation

A

Systemic circulation

93
Q

Infection of the lining of the heart

A

Endocarditis

94
Q

Absence of electrical activity in the heart

A

Asystole

95
Q

Disorganised, chaotic and ineffectual electrical activity of the heart muscle

A

Fibrillation

96
Q

Mass of material travelling in the blood stream

A

Embolus

97
Q

The pain of ischaemic heart disease

A

Angina Pectoris

98
Q

Narrowing of a valve opening

A

Stenosis

99
Q

An initial compensatory mechanism in heart disease enlargement of the heart

A

Hypertrophy

100
Q

The term for a supplementary circulation that can develop over time to supply a tissue whose main artery is progressively blocked

A

Collateral

101
Q

The term for a heart valve not closing properly

A

Incompetent

102
Q

Heart rate over 120 bpm but with normal rhythm

A

Sinus tachycardia

103
Q

The muscle of the heart

A

Myocardium

104
Q

The failure of arterial electrical signals to reach the ventricles

A

Heart block

105
Q

This form of heart disease often follows streptococcal infection

A

Rheumatic

106
Q

The ability of the heart muscle to contract

A

Contractility

107
Q

What artery is used to feel the pulse in the neck?

A

Common carotid

108
Q

What artery in the wrist is used for taking blood>

A

Radial

109
Q

What describes blood pressure?

A

It is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Ross & Wilson A&P (9 decks)

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