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Human physiology > Chapter 9: The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • brain and spinal cord
  • Responsible for everything we perceive, do, feel, and think
  • coordinating the activities of all our organ systems
  • Necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis
A

central nervous system

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2
Q

-Contains 1011 neurons (100 billion)

Contains 1014 synapses (100 trillion)

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

the restructuring of the brain networks in response to sensory input and experience

A

plasticity

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4
Q
  • Involved in memory
  • Affective behaviors- related to feeling and emotion
  • Cognitive behaviors- linked to thinking
A

plasticity

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5
Q

what is involved in the physical support of the CNS?

A 
-bone
   ~cranium
   ~vertebral column
-meninges
   ~dura mater
   ~arachnoid mater 
   ~pia mater 
-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    ~cerebroventricles 
    ~clear watery fluid bathing the CNS
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6
Q

cushion the delicate brain tissue

A

The meninges and extracellular fluid

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7
Q

-Secreted by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
~Circulates through ventricles to subarachnoid space
~reabsorbed by arachnoid villi

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • cushions brain

- Maintains a stable interstitial fluid environment

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9
Q

transports ions and
nutrients from the blood
into the cerebrospinal fluid.

A

choroid plexus

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10
Q

total volume of CSF

A

125-150 mL

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11
Q

how much CSF does the choroid plexus produce a day?

A

400-500 mL

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12
Q

how many times is the CSF recycled?

A

3 times per day

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13
Q

consist of first and second ventricles

A

lateral ventricles of the brain

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14
Q

extend through the brain stem
and connect to the central canal
that runs through the spinal cord

A

third and fourth ventricles of the brain

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15
Q
  • accounts for 2% of total body weight (3-4 lbs)

- receives 15% of blood supply

A

CNS

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16
Q

what is the metabolic rate of the CNS?

A
  • high metabolic rate
    • Brain uses 20% of oxygen consumed by body at rest
    • Brain uses 50% of glucose consumed by body at rest
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17
Q

what does the CNS depend on for energy?

A

blood flow

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18
Q

depend on aerobic glycolysis

A

neurons of CNS

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19
Q

Passes freely across blood–brain barrier carriers

A

oxygen

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20
Q

move glucose from plasma into the brain interstitial fluid (CNS)

A

membrane transporters

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21
Q
  • Sites of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
  • Thin: single layer of endothelial cells
  • Diffusion
A

capillaries of blood brain barrier

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22
Q
  • Special anatomy consisting of CNS capillaries that limit exchange
  • Protects brain from toxic water soluble compounds and pathogens
A

blood brain barrier

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23
Q

cross the blood-brain barrier

A

small lipid soluble molecules

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24
Q

what two regions lack the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (getting hormones into circulation)
  2. vomiting center of medulla oblongata (monitoring for toxins)
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25
Q

secrete
paracrines that
promote tight
junction formation

A

astrocyte foot processes

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26
Q

prevent solute
movement between
endothelial cells.

A

tight junctions

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27
Q
  • found in CNS
  • unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • axon terminals
  • clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are nuclei
A

gray matter

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28
Q

-found in CNS
-myelinated axons
-axon bundles connecting CNS regions are tracts
~tracts are equivalent to nerves in PNS

A

white matter

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29
Q

what are the fibers in the white matter in the brain?

A
  • projection fibers
  • association fibers
  • commissural fibers
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30
Q

Connect cerebral cortex with lower levels of brain or spinal cord

A

projection fibers

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31
Q

Connect two areas of cerebral cortex on same side of brain

A

association fibers

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32
Q

Connect same cortical regions on two sides of brain

A

commissural fibers

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33
Q

primary location of commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum

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34
Q
  • cylinder of nerve tissue (44cm long x 1.4 cm diameter)
  • continuous w/ brain
  • surrounded by vertebral column
  • origin of spinal nerves
A

spinal cord

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35
Q

what are the functional halves of gray matter?

A
  • dorsal: sensory functions

- ventral: motor functions

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36
Q

what does white matter form?

A
  • ascending tracts

- descending tracts

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37
Q

initiates a response without input from the brain

A

spinal reflex

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38
Q

consists of sensory and motor nuclei

A

gray matter

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39
Q

in the spinal cord, it consists of tracts of axons carrying information to and from the brain

A

white matter

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40
Q
  • oldest and most primitive region of the brain

- 11 of 12 cranial nerves originate from here

A

brain stems

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41
Q

can include sensory fibers, efferent fibers, or both (mixed nerves)

A

cranial nerves

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42
Q
  • is a network that extends throughout the brainstem

- many nuclei are associated with this

A

reticular formation

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43
Q

controls wakefulness, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation

A

reticular formation

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44
Q
  • part of the brain stem
  • transition from the spinal cord to the brain
  • includes somatosensory & corticospinal tracts, pyramids
A

medulla

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45
Q

carry sensory info to the brain

A

somatosensory tracts

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46
Q

carry info from cerebrum t spinal cord

A

corticospinal tracts

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47
Q

crossing of corticospinal tracts so each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

A

pyramids

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48
Q

controls involuntary functions

A

medulla

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49
Q

what are the involuntary functions that the medulla controls?

A
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • breathing
  • swallowing
  • vomiting
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50
Q
  • part of the brain stem

- Relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum, also coordinates control of breathing

A

pons

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51
Q
  • part of the brain stem

- Eye movement, also relays signals for hearing and seeing reflexes

A

midbrain

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52
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem?

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrian
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53
Q
  • movement coordination

- equilibrium and balance

A

cerebellum

54
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • pineal gland
55
Q

relay station and integration of sensory input

A

thalamus

56
Q

control of homeostasis, hunger, thirst, endocrine function

A

hypothalamus

57
Q

the site of higher brain functions

A

cerebrum

58
Q

connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

59
Q

what does the gray matter consist of in the cerebrum?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
60
Q

cognitive functions (sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgement, memory, imagination, intuition)

A

cerebral cortex

61
Q

control of movement

A

basal ganglia

62
Q

link between cognitive functions and more primitive emotions such as fear

A

limbic system

63
Q

what does the limbic system consist of?

A
  • amygdala

- hippocampus

64
Q

emotion and memory

A

amygala

65
Q

learning and memory

A

hippocampus

66
Q

plays a role in emotion

A

cingulate gyrus

67
Q

what are the 3 specializations of the cerebral cortex, from a functional viewpoint?

A
  • sensory areas
  • motor areas
  • association areas
68
Q
  • receive sensory input

- Sensory input translated into perception (awareness)

A

sensory areas of cerebral cortex

69
Q

direct skeletal muscle movement

A

motor areas of cerebral cortex

70
Q
  • Integrate information from sensory and motor areas

- Can direct voluntary behaviors

A

association areas

71
Q

coordinates vision

A

occipital lobe

72
Q

coordinates hearing

A

temporal lobe

73
Q

coordinates info from other association areas; controls some behaviors

A

frontal lobe

74
Q

sensory information from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera and taste buds

A

parietal lobe

75
Q

coordinates taste

A

gustatory cortex

76
Q

coordinates smell

A

olfactory cortex

77
Q
  • consists of:
    • primary motor coretex
    • motor association area (premotor cortex)
    • prefrontal association area
A

frontal lobe

78
Q
  • consists of:
    • primary somatic sensory cortex
    • sensory association area
A

parietal lobe

79
Q
  • consists of:
    • visual association area
    • visual cortex
A

occipital lobe

80
Q
  • consists of:
    • auditory cortex
    • auditory association area
A

temporal lobe

81
Q

cerebral dominance

A

cerebral lateralization

82
Q

Movement left side of body, sensory perception left side, spatial orientation, creativity, music, dream imagery, philosophy and intuition

A

right brain

83
Q

Movement right side, sensory right side, logic and analytical processing, strong language capabilities and math skills

A

left brain

84
Q

how do we study the functional areas of the brain?

A
  • patients who have neurological defects
  • suffered from wounds/injury
  • in vivo imaging of brain activity
85
Q

electrical activity measured by electrode on scalp

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

86
Q

radioactive labeled glucose emits positively charged particles

A

Positive emission tomography (PET)

87
Q

increased blood flow

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

88
Q
  • can be integrated in the spinal cord

- usually send sensory info to the brain

A

simple reflexes

89
Q

where does most sensory info continue to?

A

cerebral cortex

90
Q

what is the primary somatic sensory cortex also known as?

A

parietal lobe

91
Q
  • Termination point of pathways from skin, musculoskeletal system, and viscera
  • Somatosensory pathways
A

Primary somatic sensory cortex (parietal lobe)

92
Q

what do Somatosensory pathways carry info about?

A
  • touch
  • temperature
  • pain
  • itch
  • body position
93
Q

what are the special senses that have devoted brain regions?

A
  • visual cortex (occipital lobe)
  • auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
  • olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
  • gustatory cortex (frontal lobe)
94
Q

extend from sensory areas to association areas, which integrate stimuli into perception

A

neural pathways

95
Q

often very different from the actual stimulus

A

the perceived stimulus

96
Q

what is the motor system of the brain?

A

efferent division of the PNS

97
Q

what are the 3 major types of the efferent division?

A
  • skeletal muscle movement
  • neuroendocrine signals
  • visceral responses (smooth & cardiac muscle & glands)
98
Q

in the somatic motor divsion

A

skeletal muscle movement

99
Q

located in the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla

A

neuroendocrine signals

100
Q

located in the autonomic division

A

visceral responses

101
Q

involved in emotions

A

CNS structures

102
Q

what are the specific CNS structures involved in emotion?

A
  • limbic system (amygdala & hypothalamus)
  • midbrian
  • cerebral cortex
103
Q

associated with fear and anxiety

A

amygdala

104
Q

associated with anger and aggression

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

the seat of judgment, intent, and control over expressions of emotions.

A

prefrontal cortex

106
Q

similar to emotions but longer lasting

A

mood

107
Q
  • the impulse that drives out actions
  • Internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors
  • some related to emotions
A

motivation

108
Q

when do motivated behaviors stop?

A

when a person has reached a certain level of satiety

109
Q

linked to dopamine

A

pleasure and addictive behaviors

110
Q

work with autonomic and endocrine responses

A

motivation

111
Q

what are the two broad types of learning?

A
  • associative learning

- nonassociative learning

112
Q

when 2 stimuli are associated with each other (Pavlov’s canine)

A

associative learning

113
Q

change in behavior relative to a single stimulus

  • habituations
  • sensitization
A

nonassociative learning

114
Q

decrease response to irrelevant stimuli

A

habituations

115
Q

associating a stimuli with significant outcome

A

sensitization

116
Q

when do we become sensitized?

A

when the circumstances are of impending danger

117
Q

when do we become habituated?

A

when the circumstances are unimportant

118
Q

retain and recall information

A

memory

119
Q

what are the main two types of memory?

A
  • short term

- long term

120
Q

working memory (road clear)

A

short term memory

121
Q

what are the subdivisions of long term memory?

A
  • consolidation
  • reflexive/procedural
  • declarative
122
Q

short term to long term

A

consolidation memory

123
Q
  • *is the memory of learned motor skills (does not require conscious thought)
    • cerebellum, basal nuclei, pons
    • memories you use while riding a bike
A

reflexive or procedural memory (implicit)

124
Q
  • the memory of learned experiences, facts and events
    • letters of the alphabet, birthday
    • hippocampus
A

declarative memory (explicit)

125
Q

what is long term memory stored in?

A

memory traces in the cerebral cortex

126
Q

what are the two language areas in the brain?

A
  • wernicke’s area

- broca’s area

127
Q
  • Language comprehension (understanding language in many forms sound, written words , or even hand signals)
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
A

wernicke’s area

128
Q
  • Language expression (ability to speak or write words)

- Broca’s aphasia

A

broca’s area

129
Q

A ganglion in the PNS is equivalent to ________ in the CNS.

A

a nucleus

130
Q

Neural tissue has minimal extracellular matrix so support and protection come from external sources. Which of the following is/are involved in this support and protection?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • meninges
  • glial cells
  • outer casing of bone
131
Q

Except in periods of starvation, the only fuel source for the brain is/are _______ so 15% of blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain to supply enough _______ from which to generate ATP.

A

glucose; oxygen

132
Q

Which of the following brain imaging techniques uses radioactive-labeled glucose?

A

Positive emission tomography (PET)

Human physiology (17 decks)

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