Chapter 1- Introduction Flashcards
What are the levels of organization and the related fields of study?
1) . Chemistry (atoms & molecules)
2) . Molecular Biology (cells & molecules)
3) . Cell Biology (molecules, cells, tissues)
4) . Physiology (molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations)
5) . Ecology (everything & ecosystems of different species &a biosphere)
Consists of heart, blood vessels, & blood
Functions to transport materials between all cells of the body
Circulatory system
Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
Functions to convert food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes
Digestive system
Thyroid gland, adrenal gland
Function: coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
Endocrine system
Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
Functions to defend against foreign invaders
Immune system
Skin
Protection from external environment
Integumentary system
Skeletal muscles and bone
Support and movement
Musculoskeletal system
Brain & spinal cord
Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
Nervous system
Ovaries, uterus, testes
Perpetuation of species
Reproductive system
Lungs and airways
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
Respiratory system
Kidneys and bladder
Maintenance of water and allures in the internal environment; waste removal
Urinary system
Function is the “why” or the adaptive significance of the event
Thinking about the adaptive significance
Teleological approach
Examines the process, the “how”
Mechanistic approach
What are the themes in physiology?
1) . Structure & function (form fits function)
- molecular interactions
- compartmentation
2) . Energy storage, transfer, and use
3) . Information flow within the species, organism, and cell
4) . Homeostasis
- stability of internal environment
Organ systems in the body work to keep the internal environment constant despite changes in the external environment
Homeostasis
What does the body’s internal environment consist of?
Extracellular fluid (ECF- closely regulated by the body)
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
What separates the cell from the ECF?
Cell membrane
What goes in must come out
Open system
Output must equal input
Existing body load + intake or metabolic production - exertion or metabolic removal
Mass balance law
From outside the body (food, drink, gasses, lipids)
From inside the body (metabolism, CO2)
Intake/input
Excretion (urine, feces, lungs, skin)
Output
Any foreign substance in the body
Xenobiotic
Use to follow material throughout the body
=concentration of (y) x volume flow
Mass flow
The rate at which a substance disappears from the blood
Volume of (x) cleared per unit of time (indirect measure)
Clearance
Physiological normal range
Set point
