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Human physiology > Chapter 3: Compartmentalization - Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Compartmentalization - Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

separates cell from environment

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

what are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  1. physical isolation, separates ICF from ECF
  2. Regulation of exchange with the environment, entry of ions and nutrients, elimination of cellular waste and release of cell products
  3. Communication between the cell and its environment, contains proteins that allow the cell to respond to external changes
  4. Structural support, create the cells cytoskeleton, form cellular junctions, and connect to the extracellular matrix. These cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions help to stabilize the structure of tissues
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3
Q

what does the fluid mosaic model entail?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Sphingolipids-phospholipids or glycolipid heads with longer fatty acid tails.
  • Cholesterol
  • carbohydrates
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
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4
Q

help to decrease permeability of the cell to small water-soluble molecules and helps to keep the membrane flexible or fluid with changing temperatures.

A

cholesterol

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5
Q
  • form bilayers, micelles, or liposomes

* arrange themselves so that their nonpolar tails are not in contact with aqueous solutions such as extracellulalr fluid

A

membrane phospholipids

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6
Q

forms a sheet

A

phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q
  • droplets of phospholipid

* important in lipid digestion

A

micelles

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8
Q

have an aqueous center

A

liposomes

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9
Q

embedded within the lipid bilayer, so they can be dissociated from the membrane only by disrupting the bilayer

A

integral proteins

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10
Q

what are the different types of integral proteins?

A
  1. enzymatic proteins
  2. transmembrane proteins
  3. lipid-anchored proteins
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11
Q

what are examples of integral proteins with enzymatic function?

A
  1. G proteins

2. Receptor molecules

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12
Q

span the lipid bilayer, with surfaces exposed to both the ICF and ECF

A

transmembrane proteins

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13
Q

what are examples of transmembrane proteins?

A
  1. ion channels

2. carrier proteins

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14
Q

can be attached to lipid tails (sphingolipids) that insert into the bilayer (play a role in lipid rafts)

A

lipid-anchored proteins

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15
Q
  • are loosely bound to the membrane by associations with integral membrane proteins or phospholipids.
  • attached to cytoskeleton
  • some enzymatic function
A

peripheral proteins

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16
Q

primarily on the extracellular surface of the membrane

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

what are the two main functions of carbohydrates in the membrane?

A
  1. form the glycocalyx

2. function in cell recognition, labeling the cell as part of the body or as a distinct type of cell

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18
Q
  • *a protective layer that also functions in holding cells together
  • *formed by carbohydrates
A

glycocalyx

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19
Q

carbohydrates attached to proteins

A

glycoproteins

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20
Q

carbohydrates attached to lipids

A

glycolipids

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21
Q

synthesized and secreted by cells and its composition varies from tissue to tissue

A

extracellular matrix

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22
Q

what are the 2 basic components of extracellular matrix?

A
  1. proteoglycans

2. insoluble protein fibers

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23
Q

provide strength and anchor cells to matrix

A

insoluble protein fibers

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24
Q

what is a subset of proteoglycans?

A

glycoproteins

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25
Q

what do insoluble fibers include in the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. collagen
  2. fibronectin
  3. elastin
  4. laminin
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26
Q

what are the three major types of cell junctions?

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. tight junctions
  3. anchoring junctions
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27
Q
  • form small channels that enable ions and small molecules to move between two cells
  • communicating junctions
A

gap junctions

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28
Q

membrane proteins composed of smaller proteins called connexins

A

connexons

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29
Q

what are examples of gap junctions?

A

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

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30
Q
  • integral membrane proteins called claudins and occludins fuse adjacent cells together to form a nearly impermeable barrier to the movement of substances between cells
  • occluding junctions
A

tight junctions

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31
Q

what does the barrier of tight junctions result in?

A

causes solutes to cross epithelial cell layer (transepithelial transport), rather than going around (paracellular movement)

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32
Q

what are examples of tight junctions?

A

epithelial cells that line hollow structures of the kidneys, or gastrointestinal tract

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33
Q

attach cells to each other or to the ECM.

A

anchoring junctions

34
Q

what are cell-cell junctions created by?

A

created by cadherins which connect across the intercellular space

35
Q

link actin fibers in adjacent cells

A

adheren junctions

36
Q
  • the strongest

* link intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

desmosomes

37
Q

use integrins which are membrane proteins that can be receptors

A

cell-matrix junctions (anchoring)

38
Q

what is used in cell-matrix junctions?

A
  1. hemidesmosomes

2. focal adhesions

39
Q

anchor intermediate fibers of the cytoskeleton to matrix proteins such as laminin

A

hemidesmosomes

40
Q

tie intracellular actin fibers to matrix proteins such as fibronectin

A

focal adhesions

41
Q

what are the 4 major classes of tissues?

A
  1. connective
  2. neural
  3. muscle
  4. epithelial
42
Q

provides structural support, but also encompasses fluids such as the blood and lymph, which serve to “connect” the various parts of the body together by providing avenues of communication

A

connective tissue

43
Q

excitable cells carrying information in the form of electrical and chemical signals

A

neural tissue

44
Q

excitable cells with the ability to contract and produce force

A

muscle tissue

45
Q

play a role in both protection of the internal environment and regulation of the exchange of materials between the ICF and ECF

A

epithelial tissue

46
Q

what is the structure of epithelia?

A
  • one or more layers of cells
  • Separated from underlying tissue by the basal lamina or basement membrane (extra cellular layer composed of collagen and laminin in proteoglycans)
47
Q

How is epithelia structurally divided into two types?

A
  1. sheets of cells lining the body surfaces of internal and external surfaces
  2. secretory epithelia (glands)
48
Q

what do most epithelia attach to?

A

basal lamina or basement membrane

49
Q

how do epithelial cells attach to the basal lamina?

A

using cell adhesion molecules

50
Q

acellular matrix layer that is secreted by the epithelial cells

A

basal lamina

51
Q

what are the histological classifications of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. layering (simple or stratified)
  2. shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
  3. function (exchange, transport, ciliated, protective, secretory)
52
Q
  • allows for rapid gas exchange
  • simple squamous epithelium (very thin)
  • endothelium lines the circulatory system
A

exchange epithelia

53
Q
  • cuboidal or columnar in shape
  • have membrane modifications
  • tight junctions force materials to cross the cell
  • many mitochondria that provide energy for transport
A

transporting epithelia

54
Q

what are the membrane modifications of transporting epithelia?

A
  • apical membrane faces lumen and has microvilli

* basolateral membrane faces ECM and may also have fold

55
Q

moves fluid and particles in respiratory system and female reproductive tract

A

ciliated epithelium

56
Q
  • are found in areas of mechanical and chemical stress.
  • stratified tissue
  • may be strengthened by secretion of keratin
A

protective epithelia

57
Q
  • scattered among other epithelial tissue

* grouped into glands

A

secretory epithelium

58
Q

what are the glands of secretory epithelium?

A
  1. exocrine glands

2. endocrine glands

59
Q
  • release products to external environment (mostly through ducts)
  • serous secretions
  • mucous secretions
A

exocrine glands

60
Q

watery (digestive,tears, and sweat)

A

serous secretions

61
Q

produced by goblet cells

A

mucous secretions

62
Q

release hormones into extracellular compartments (ECF or blood)

A

endocrine glands

63
Q

how many layers do exchange epithelium have and what is its cell shape?

A

one cell layer

flattened shape

64
Q

has pores between cells that permit east passage of molecules

A

exchange epithelium

65
Q

where are exchange epithelium found?

A

lungs
lining of blood
vessels

66
Q

how many cell layers do transporting epithelium have and what is the shape?

A

one layer

columnar or cuboidal

67
Q
  • tight junctions prevent movement between cells

* surface area increased by folding of cell membrane into fingerlike microvili

A

transporting epithelium

68
Q

where are transporting epithelium found?

A

intestine
kidney
some exocrine glands

69
Q

how many cell layers do ciliated epithelium have and what is the shape?

A

one cell layer

columnar or cuboidal

70
Q

one side covered with cilia to move fluid across surface

A

ciliated epithelium

71
Q

where are ciliated epithelium found?

A

nose, trachea, upper airways; female reproductive tract

72
Q

how many cell layers do protective epithelium have?

73
Q

what is the cell shape of protective epithelium?

A

flattened in surface layers; polygonal in deeper layers

74
Q

cells tightly connected by desmosomes

A

protective epithelium

75
Q

where are protective epithelium found?

A

skin and lining of cavities that open to the environment

76
Q

how many cell layers do secretory epithelium have and what is the shape?

A

one to many layers

columnar or polygonal

77
Q
  • protein secreting cells filled with membrane bound secretory granules and extensive RER
  • steroid secreting cells contain lipid droplets and extensive SER
A

secretory epithelium

78
Q

where are secretory epithelium found?

A
  • exocrine glands: pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands

* endocrine glands: thyroid and gonads

79
Q
  • minimal matrix
  • basal lamina matrix
  • no direct blood supply
  • has microvilli, cilia
  • covers body surface, lines cavities and hollow organs and tubes; secretory glands
A

epithelial tissue

80
Q
  • extensive matrix
  • varied matrix
  • cartilage has no blood supply
  • supports skin and other organs; cartilage, bone, blood
  • cells not in layers
A

connective tissue

81
Q
  • minimal matrix
  • external lamina matrix
  • can generate electrical signals, force, and movement
  • makes up skeletal muscles, hollow organs, and tubes
  • cells linked in sheets or elongated bundles
A

muscle tissue

82
Q
  • minimal matrix
  • external lamina matrix
  • can generate electrical signals
  • throughout the body, but mainly in brain and spinal cord
  • cells isolated or networked
A

nerve tissue

Human physiology (17 decks)

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