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Human physiology > Chapter 11: Efferent Division - Autonomic & Somatic Motor Control > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Efferent Division - Autonomic & Somatic Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

how is the peripheral nervous system divided?

A
  1. sensory division
    -visceral sensory division
    -somatic sensory division
  2. motor division
    -visceral motor division (ANS)
    ~sympathetic division
    ~parasympathetic
    -somatic motor division
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2
Q
  • Control skeletal muscles

- Mostly voluntary (except for reflexes such as swallowing and the knee jerk reaction)

A

somatic motor neurons

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3
Q

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

A

autonomic neurons (visceral)

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4
Q

innervate most effector organs

A

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

tend to be antagonistic

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities

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6
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

fight or flight reponse

A

sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

what are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
  • adipose tissue
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9
Q

initiate autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses

A

hypothalamus, pons and medulla

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10
Q

initiate behavioral response

A
  • limbic system

- cerebral cortex

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11
Q

under antagonistic control

A

most internal organs

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12
Q

what are the branches of antagonistic control?

A

one autonomic branch is excitatory and the other is inhibitory

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13
Q

what are the exceptions to dual antagonistic innervation?

A

sweat glands, smooth muscle (sympathetic only)

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14
Q

what are the two efferent neurons of the autonomic pathways?

A
  • 1st neuron is preganglionic (arises within CNS)

- 2nd neuron is post ganglionic (outside CNS)

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15
Q

where do the sympathetic neurons originate in the CNS?

A

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

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16
Q

where do parasympathetic neurons originate in the CNS?

A

brain stem (cranial nerves) and sacral region

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17
Q

Sympathetic ganglia in two ganglion chains along either side of the vertebral column

A

chain ganglion

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18
Q

are mainly found along to chains that run parallel to the spinal cord and along the aorta (short pre>long post)

A

sympathetic ganglia

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19
Q

are on or near target (long pre>short post)

-vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic ganglia

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20
Q
  • Contains about 75% of all parasympathetic fibers
  • Sensory information from internal organs to brain
  • Output from brain to organs
A

vagus nerve (X)

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21
Q

release acetylcholine (ACh) onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) on the postganglionic cell

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

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22
Q

secrete norepinephrine (NE) onto adrenergic receptors on the target cell.

A

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons

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23
Q

secrete ACh onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) on the target cell.

A

Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

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24
Q

use acetylcholine and

norepinephrine.

A

sympathetic pathways

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25
Q

use acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic pathways

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26
Q

receptors in the sympathetic division

A

adrenergic receptors

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27
Q

located in the plasma membrane of target cells

A

adrenergic receptors

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28
Q

what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  • alpha receptors

- beta receptors

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29
Q
  • Generally stimulated by NE and E
  • Stimulation activates associated G proteins on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
  • Activation triggers different activities in the cell
A

alpha receptors

30
Q

generally excitatory

A

alpha 1 receptors

31
Q

generally inhibitory

A

alpha 2 receptors

32
Q
  • Generally stimulated by E

- Stimulation of beta receptors and G protein activation triggers changes in metabolic activity of the target cell

A

beta receptors

33
Q

what are the 3 types of beta receptors?

A

beta-1 (β1), beta-2 (β2), beta-3 (β3)

34
Q

Cardiac muscle
stimulation and
increased tissue
metabolism

A

beta-1 (β1) receptor

35
Q 
Relaxation of smooth
muscle in respiratory
passages and in the
blood vessels of skeletal
muscle
A

beta-2 (β2) receptor

36
Q

Release of fatty acids
by adipose tissue for
metabolic use in
other tissues

A

b3 receptor

37
Q

Neurotransmitter for all parasympathetic activity is …?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

38
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

parasympathetic receptors

39
Q

what are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • nicotine receptors

- muscarinic receptors

40
Q
  • On all postganglionic neurons
  • At the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers
  • always excitatory
A

nicotinic receptors

41
Q
  • G protein-coupled receptors
  • Activation produces longer-lasting effects than at nicotinic receptors
  • Response can be excitatory or inhibitory
A

muscarinic receptors

42
Q

the synapse between a postganglionic autonomic neuron and its target cells (effector).

A

neuroeffector junction

43
Q

are series of swollen areas (like beads on a string) at their distal ends containing neurotransmitters

A

Varicosities of neuroeffector junction

44
Q

diffuse into the synapse and bind to receptor

A

neurotransmitters at neuroeffectors junction

45
Q

release neurotransmitter over the surface of target cells.

A

Autonomic varicosities

46
Q

modulated by adjusting the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse (more neurotransmitter=longer or stronger response)

A

Autonomic control over target cells

47
Q
  • diffuses away
  • metabolized by enzymes in the extracellular fluid
  • actively transported into cells
  • monoamine oxidase (MAO) degrades norepinephrine
A

Autonomic control over target cells is modulated by adjusting the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse

48
Q

is endocrine tissue (of epidermal origin, secretes corticoid hormones)

A

adrenal cortex

49
Q
  • neuroendocrine tissue

- associated with sympathetic branch

A

adrenal medulla

50
Q

what is the primary neurohormone of the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine (fight or flight response)

-secreted into the blood

51
Q

secretes epinephrine into the blood

A

adrenal medulla

52
Q

-a true endocrine gland

A

adrenal cortex

53
Q

a modified sympathetic ganglion

A

adrenal medulla

54
Q

neurohormone that enters the blood

A

epinephrine

55
Q

is a modified
postganglionic
sympathetic
neuron.

A

chromaffin

56
Q
  • projects axon to skeletal muscle
  • CNS origin
  • myelinated
  • always excitatory
  • can be up to a meter long
A

single neuron of somatic motor division

57
Q

what is the terminus of the single neuron of the somatic motor division?

A

branches that innervate many muscle fibers

58
Q
  • Presynaptic axon terminal filled with synaptic vesicles and mitochondria
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Postsynaptic membrane of the skeletal muscle fiber
A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of somatic motor division

59
Q

-series of folds on muscle fibers
-has Nicotinic ACh receptors
and Acetylcholinesterase that degrades neurotransmitter

A

motor end plates

60
Q

what are the autonomic targets?

A
  • Smooth and cardiac muscles
  • Some endocrine and
    exocrine glands
  • Some adipose tissue
61
Q

consists of axon terminals, motor
end plates on the muscle
membrane, and Schwann cell
sheaths.

A

The neuromuscular junction

62
Q

a regionof muscle membrane thatcontains high concentrations ofACh receptors.

A

motor end plate

63
Q

is modified into a

motor end plate.

A

Postsynaptic membrane

64
Q

arrives at the axon terminal, causing

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open

A

action potential (at NMJ)

65
Q

causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release ACh into the synaptic cleft.

A

calcium entry (at NMJ)

66
Q

binds two ACh
molecules, opening a nonspecific monovalent cation channel
-open channel allows Na+ and K+ to pass.
-Net Na+ influx depolarizes the muscle fiber

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptor (of MNJ)

67
Q

Which of the following physiological responses results from sympathetic action?

A
  • increase in heart rate
  • dilation of blood vessels
  • stimulation of glycogenolysis
68
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by….?

A

long preganglionic and short postganglionic nerve fibers.

69
Q

The neurotransmitter in the synapse between pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is…..?

A

acetylcholine.

70
Q

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is synthesized from

A

tyrosine

Human physiology (17 decks)

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