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Human physiology > Chapter 11: Efferent Division - Autonomic & Somatic Motor Control > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Efferent Division - Autonomic & Somatic Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

how is the peripheral nervous system divided?

A
  1. sensory division
    -visceral sensory division
    -somatic sensory division
  2. motor division
    -visceral motor division (ANS)
    ~sympathetic division
    ~parasympathetic
    -somatic motor division
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2
Q
  • Control skeletal muscles

- Mostly voluntary (except for reflexes such as swallowing and the knee jerk reaction)

A

somatic motor neurons

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3
Q

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

A

autonomic neurons (visceral)

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4
Q

innervate most effector organs

A

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

tend to be antagonistic

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities

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6
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

fight or flight reponse

A

sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

what are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
  • adipose tissue
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9
Q

initiate autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses

A

hypothalamus, pons and medulla

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10
Q

initiate behavioral response

A
  • limbic system

- cerebral cortex

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11
Q

under antagonistic control

A

most internal organs

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12
Q

what are the branches of antagonistic control?

A

one autonomic branch is excitatory and the other is inhibitory

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13
Q

what are the exceptions to dual antagonistic innervation?

A

sweat glands, smooth muscle (sympathetic only)

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14
Q

what are the two efferent neurons of the autonomic pathways?

A
  • 1st neuron is preganglionic (arises within CNS)

- 2nd neuron is post ganglionic (outside CNS)

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15
Q

where do the sympathetic neurons originate in the CNS?

A

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

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16
Q

where do parasympathetic neurons originate in the CNS?

A

brain stem (cranial nerves) and sacral region

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17
Q

Sympathetic ganglia in two ganglion chains along either side of the vertebral column

A

chain ganglion

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18
Q

are mainly found along to chains that run parallel to the spinal cord and along the aorta (short pre>long post)

A

sympathetic ganglia

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19
Q

are on or near target (long pre>short post)

-vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic ganglia

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20
Q
  • Contains about 75% of all parasympathetic fibers
  • Sensory information from internal organs to brain
  • Output from brain to organs
A

vagus nerve (X)

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21
Q

release acetylcholine (ACh) onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) on the postganglionic cell

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

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22
Q

secrete norepinephrine (NE) onto adrenergic receptors on the target cell.

A

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons

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23
Q

secrete ACh onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) on the target cell.

A

Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

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24
Q

use acetylcholine and

norepinephrine.

A

sympathetic pathways

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25
use acetylcholine
parasympathetic pathways
26
receptors in the sympathetic division
adrenergic receptors
27
located in the plasma membrane of target cells
adrenergic receptors
28
what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
- alpha receptors | - beta receptors
29
- Generally stimulated by NE and E - Stimulation activates associated G proteins on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane - Activation triggers different activities in the cell
alpha receptors
30
generally excitatory
alpha 1 receptors
31
generally inhibitory
alpha 2 receptors
32
- Generally stimulated by E | - Stimulation of beta receptors and G protein activation triggers changes in metabolic activity of the target cell
beta receptors
33
what are the 3 types of beta receptors?
beta-1 (β1), beta-2 (β2), beta-3 (β3)
34
Cardiac muscle stimulation and increased tissue metabolism
beta-1 (β1) receptor
35
``` Relaxation of smooth muscle in respiratory passages and in the blood vessels of skeletal muscle ```
beta-2 (β2) receptor
36
Release of fatty acids by adipose tissue for metabolic use in other tissues
b3 receptor
37
Neurotransmitter for all parasympathetic activity is ...?
acetylcholine (ACh)
38
cholinergic receptors
parasympathetic receptors
39
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
- nicotine receptors | - muscarinic receptors
40
- On all postganglionic neurons - At the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers - always excitatory
nicotinic receptors
41
- G protein-coupled receptors - Activation produces longer-lasting effects than at nicotinic receptors - Response can be excitatory or inhibitory
muscarinic receptors
42
the synapse between a postganglionic autonomic neuron and its target cells (effector).
neuroeffector junction
43
are series of swollen areas (like beads on a string) at their distal ends containing neurotransmitters
Varicosities of neuroeffector junction
44
diffuse into the synapse and bind to receptor
neurotransmitters at neuroeffectors junction
45
release neurotransmitter over the surface of target cells.
Autonomic varicosities
46
modulated by adjusting the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse (more neurotransmitter=longer or stronger response)
Autonomic control over target cells
47
- diffuses away - metabolized by enzymes in the extracellular fluid - actively transported into cells - monoamine oxidase (MAO) degrades norepinephrine
Autonomic control over target cells is modulated by adjusting the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse
48
is endocrine tissue (of epidermal origin, secretes corticoid hormones)
adrenal cortex
49
- neuroendocrine tissue | - associated with sympathetic branch
adrenal medulla
50
what is the primary neurohormone of the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (fight or flight response) | -secreted into the blood
51
secretes epinephrine into the blood
adrenal medulla
52
-a true endocrine gland
adrenal cortex
53
a modified sympathetic ganglion
adrenal medulla
54
neurohormone that enters the blood
epinephrine
55
is a modified postganglionic sympathetic neuron.
chromaffin
56
- projects axon to skeletal muscle - CNS origin - myelinated - always excitatory - can be up to a meter long
single neuron of somatic motor division
57
what is the terminus of the single neuron of the somatic motor division?
branches that innervate many muscle fibers
58
- Presynaptic axon terminal filled with synaptic vesicles and mitochondria - Synaptic cleft - Postsynaptic membrane of the skeletal muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of somatic motor division
59
-series of folds on muscle fibers -has Nicotinic ACh receptors and Acetylcholinesterase that degrades neurotransmitter
motor end plates
60
what are the autonomic targets?
- Smooth and cardiac muscles - Some endocrine and exocrine glands - Some adipose tissue
61
consists of axon terminals, motor end plates on the muscle membrane, and Schwann cell sheaths.
The neuromuscular junction
62
a regionof muscle membrane thatcontains high concentrations ofACh receptors.
motor end plate
63
is modified into a | motor end plate.
Postsynaptic membrane
64
arrives at the axon terminal, causing | voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open
action potential (at NMJ)
65
causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release ACh into the synaptic cleft.
calcium entry (at NMJ)
66
binds two ACh molecules, opening a nonspecific monovalent cation channel -open channel allows Na+ and K+ to pass. -Net Na+ influx depolarizes the muscle fiber
nicotinic cholinergic receptor (of MNJ)
67
Which of the following physiological responses results from sympathetic action?
- increase in heart rate - dilation of blood vessels - stimulation of glycogenolysis
68
The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by....?
long preganglionic and short postganglionic nerve fibers.
69
The neurotransmitter in the synapse between pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is.....?
acetylcholine.
70
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is synthesized from
tyrosine

Human physiology (17 decks)

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