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Human physiology > Chapter 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

chemical messengers released from endocrine cells or glands, where they diffuse into the blood and travel to target cells

A

hormones

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2
Q

are endocrine cells vasularized?

A

yes highly vascularized

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3
Q

will the various effects of hormones on body systems ever counteract one another?

A

no

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4
Q

what processes do hormones control?

A
  • metabolism
  • regulation of internal environment
  • reproduction
  • growth & development
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5
Q

what form do hormones take?

A
  • classic hormone
  • neurohormones
  • cytokines
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6
Q

secreted by endocrine cells and glands)

A

classic hormone

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7
Q

secreted by neurons

A

neurohormones

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8
Q
  • blur the line of hormone

- secreted by paracrine cell of the immune system

A

cytokines

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9
Q

what are the possible actions on target cells?

A
  • control rates of reactions
  • control transport across the membrane
  • control gene expression and protein production
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10
Q

what are the two types of endocrine organs?

A
  • primary endocrine organs

- secondary endocrine organs

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11
Q
  • primary function is the secretion of hormones

- thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland

A

primary endocrine organs

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12
Q
  • diffuse endocrine system, for which the secretion of hormones occurs secondary to some other function
  • heart, liver, kidney
A

secondary endocrine organs

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13
Q
  • located in hypothalamus glands
  • primary target is anterior pituitary
  • release or inhibit pituitary hormones
A

trophic hormones [peptide, amino acid derived]

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14
Q
  • located in posterior pituitary neurons
  • targets breast and uterus
  • milk ejection; labor and delivery; behavior
A

oxytocin [peptide]

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15
Q
  • located in posterior pituitary neurons
  • targets kidneys
  • water reabsorption
A

vasopressin (ADH) [peptide]

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16
Q
  • located in anterior pituitary gland
  • targets breast
  • milk production
A

prolactin [peptide]

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17
Q
  • located in anterior pituitary gland
  • targets liver and many tissues
  • growth factor secretion
  • growth and metabolism
A

growth hormone (somatotrophin) [peptide]

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18
Q
  • located in anterior pituitary gland
  • targets adrenal cortex
  • cortisol release
A

corticotropin (ACTH) [ peptide]

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19
Q
  • located in anterior pituitary gland
  • targets thyroid gland
  • thyroid hormone synthesis
A

thyrotropin (TSH) [peptide]

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20
Q
  • located in anterior pituitary gland
  • targets gonads
  • egg or sperm production; sex hormone production
A

follicle stimulating hormone [peptide]

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21
Q
  • located in anterior pituitary gland
  • targets gonads
  • sex hormone production; egg or sperm production
A

luteinizing hormone [peptide]

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22
Q
  • located in parathyroid gland
  • targets bone, kidney
  • regulates plasma, Ca2+, and phosphate levels
A

parathyroid hormone [peptide]

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23
Q
  • located in thyroid gland
  • targets many tisses
  • metabolism, growth, and development
A

triiodothyronine and thyroxine [amino acid derived]

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24
Q
  • located in thyroid
  • targets bone
  • plasma calcium levels
A

calcitonin [peptide]

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25
Q
  • located in adrenal cortex gland
  • targets kidney
  • Na+ and K+ homeostasis
A

aldosterone [steroid]

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26
Q
  • in adrenal cortex gland
  • targets tissues
  • stress response
A

cortisol [steroid]

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27
Q
  • in adrenal cortex gland
  • targets many tissues
  • sex drive in females
A

androgens [steroid]

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28
Q
  • in adrenal medulla neurons
  • targets many tissues
  • fight or flight response
A

epinephrine, norepinephrine [amino acid derived]

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29
Q
  • in testes
  • targets many tissues
  • sperm production; secondary sex characteristics
A

androgens [steroid]

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30
Q
  • in ovaries
  • targets many tissues
  • egg production, secondary sex characteristics
A

estrogen, progesterone

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31
Q

what are the chemical classifications of hormones?

A
  • peptide hormones (majority)
  • steroid hormones
  • amine hormones
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32
Q

what is the size range of peptide hormones?

A

three amino acids to more than 20

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33
Q

where are peptide hormones made in the cell?

A

on ribosomes and RER and stored in vesicles

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34
Q

where are peptide hormones made in the body?

A

made in tissues all over the body

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35
Q

are peptide hormones water soluble?

A

yes (lipophobic), easily dissolved in plasma and transported throughout the body

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36
Q

what is the half life of peptide hormones

A

short (minutes)

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37
Q

where are the binding receptors for peptide hormones?

A

bind to surface receptors which initiates signal transduction pathways

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38
Q

what do peptide hormones end in?

A

“in”

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39
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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40
Q

where are steroid hormones made?

A

made in only a few organs (adrenal cortex, gonads)

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41
Q

where are steroid hormones made in the cell?

A
  • Synthesis in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where they immediately diffuse out
  • These hormones are made when needed and not stored
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42
Q

are steroid hormones soluble in water?

A

Are not water soluble (lipophilic

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43
Q

how are steroid hormones transported in the body?

A
  • need carrier(escort)-proteins to travel in the blood plasma
  • some have specific carriers and others are bound to general plasma proteins (albumin)
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44
Q

what is the half life of steroid hormones?

A

longer half life (60 minutes of more)

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45
Q

where are cell receptors located on steroid hormones?

A

cytoplasm or nucleoplasm

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46
Q

what are amine hormones derived from?

A

small hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine and tryptophan

47
Q

where are amine hormones produced?

A
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal medulla
  • pineal gland
48
Q

what is derived from tryptophan?

A

melatonin

49
Q
  • water soluble amines) are neurohormones that bind to membrane receptors like peptide hormones (epinephrine, dopamine)
  • derived from tyrosine
A

Catecholamines

50
Q
  • (lipid soluble amines) act more like steroid hormones with intracellular receptors for gene activation (T3, T4)
  • derived from tyrosine
A

thyroid hormones

51
Q

what do amine hormones usually end in?

A

“ine”

52
Q

what are examples of simple reflex pathways?

endocrine cell senses stimulus and secrets hormone

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulates plasma Ca2+

- insulin

53
Q

what/how do parathyroid hormone regulate?

A

Parathyroid endocrine cells monitor Ca2+ concentration, when a certain number of G-protein-Ca2+ receptors are bound to Ca2+ PTH is inhibited, if fewer receptors are bound PTH secretion increases

54
Q

how does insulin in pathways work?

A
  • Insulin secreted by multiple pathways
  • When blood glucose levels increase pancreatic cells secrete insulin
  • Stretch receptors send signals to pancreatic cells as well as endocrine cells in the small intestine
55
Q

function to regulate almost every body system

A

the hypothalamus and pituitary glands

56
Q
  • the primary endocrine gland secreting seven hormones, most of which affect the pituitary gland
  • crossroads between the nervous system and endocrine system
A

hypothalamus

57
Q
  • divided into two structurally distinct regions
    • anterior pituitary
    • posterior pituitary
A

pituitary structure

58
Q

True endocrine gland of epithelial origin, embryonic tissue from roof of mouth

A

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

59
Q

Extension of neural tissue of the brain and secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary or neurohpophysis

60
Q

sits in a protected pocket of bone, connected to the

brain by a thin stalk

A

pituitary gland

61
Q

is the
stalk that connects
the pituitary to the brain

A

Infundibulum

62
Q

an extension of the

neural tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

63
Q

is a
true endocrine gland of
epithelial origin.

A

Anterior pituitary

64
Q
  • *stores and releases two neurohormones that were synthesized in different regions of the hypothalamus.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH
    • oxytocin
A

posterior pituitary

65
Q

acts on kidneys to regulate water balance, constrict blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

66
Q

involved in milk ejection during breast feeding, uterus contractions

A

oxytocin

67
Q

how is the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway connected?

A

by the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system or the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

68
Q

a specialized arrangement of blood vessels in which two capillary beds are located in series

A

portal system

69
Q

hormones that control the secretion (release) of other hormones

A

tropic hormones

70
Q

what are examples of tropic hormones?

A
  • *Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • *Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • *Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
71
Q

where are the tropic horomones from?

A

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

72
Q

inhibits the release of prolactin

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) or dopamine

73
Q

stimulates the anterior pituitary to release prolactin, which stimulates mammary gland development and milk secretion.

A

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

74
Q
  • stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) form the anterior pituitary
  • TSH then stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism
A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

75
Q

stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

76
Q

stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids (ex. Cortisol), from the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

77
Q

main hormone that regulates metabolism when the body is stressed

A

cortisol

78
Q

inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

79
Q

stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by the anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

80
Q

regulates growth and energy metabolism

A

growth hormone

81
Q

stimulates the release of the gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

82
Q

stimulates ovulation in females, and it stimulates the secretion of sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone in females and androgens in males) by the gonads

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

83
Q

promotes the development of egg cells in females and sperm cells in males

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

84
Q

Hormones at the peripheral endocrine gland feedback to suppress the secretion of the anterior pituitary or hypothalamic tropic hormones

A

Long-loop negative feedback

85
Q

Pituitary hormone feeds back to decrease hypothalamus secretion of the hormone

A

Short-loop negative feedback

86
Q

how do , endocrine cells alter hormone secretion in response to two types of input?

A
  1. neural signals

2. humoral signals

87
Q

directly regulate hormone secretin by the hypothalamus (tropic hormones), posterior pituitary gland (ADH, and oxytocin), and adrenal medulla (epinephrine), which can affect the secretion of other hormones

A

neural signals

88
Q
  • (bloodborne) signals
  • classified into
    • Hormones (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary pathway)
    • Ions (blood K+)
    • Metabolites (blood glucose)
A

humoral signals

89
Q

what are the 3 general types of hormone interactions?

A
  • synergism
  • permissiveness
  • antagonism
90
Q
    • hormones produce the same direction of effect, generally by different mechanisms
    • humoral control of blood glucose level
    • combined effect is grater than the sum
A

synergism

91
Q

the presence of one hormone is needed for another hormone to exert its actions

A

permissiveness

92
Q

what are examples of permissiveness?

A
  • Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors

- reproductive system maturation

93
Q

what happens when Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors ?

A

**Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells of bronchioles causing airways to increase in diameter

**Thyroid hormones are essential for the synthesis of the adrenergic receptors in these target cells

94
Q

no development of reproductive system

A

thyroid hormone alone

95
Q

delayed development of system

A

Reproductive hormones alone

96
Q

normal development

A

Reproductive hormones +thyroid hormone

97
Q

the effects of the hormones oppose each other.

A

antagonists

98
Q

what are examples of antagonists?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels, calcitonin decreases levels.
  • Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, insulin decreases levels.
99
Q

caused by hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones

A

disease conditions

100
Q

inactive and tend to decrease secretion of endocrine cells

A

Nonfunctioning adenomas (tumors)

101
Q

where tumor cells actively secrete hormone increasing hormone production

A

Functioning adenomas

102
Q
  • Causes can include benign tumors (adenomas) and cancerous tumors of endocrine glands
  • caused by medical treatment (iatrogenic)
A

hypersecretion

103
Q
  • *Causes atrophy of gland due to some disease process (ex. Autoimmune response) and can occur anywhere along the endocrine control pathway
    • insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
A

hyposecretion

104
Q

what else can endocrine diseases arise from besides problems with endocrine glands?

A

problem with the responsiveness of the target to a specific hormone

105
Q

**can occur if hormone levels stay abnormally high for extended periods of time

  • *will cause the cells to decrease the number of receptors to diminish their responsiveness
    • Hyperinsulinemia
A

down-regulation of hormone receptors

106
Q

due to nonfunctional receptors or defect in the signal transduction pathway

A

Altered hormone receptor activity

107
Q

what can diagnosis of endocrine pathologies be?

A

simple reflex

complex reflex

108
Q

what are the complex reflex pathways?

A
  • primary pathology
  • secondary pathology
  • tertiary pathology
109
Q

hypo/hypersecretion arises in the last gland in the sequence

A

primary pathology

110
Q

arises in the anterior pituitary

A

secondary pathology

111
Q

arises in the hypothalamus (rare)

A

tertiary pathology

112
Q

In Graves’ disease, the body makes antibodies (TSI) that are agonists of endogenous TSH. You would expect someone with Graves’ disease to exhibit…..

A

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

113
Q

Which hormone class is most likely to undergo post-translational modification?

A

peptide

114
Q

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is a(n)

A

modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

Human physiology (17 decks)

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