Chapter 2: Molecular Interactions Flashcards
What are the four major groups of macromolecules?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides
what can macromolecules combine to form?
glycoproteins, glycolipids, lipoproteins
*are biomolecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
*lipids have a backbone of
glycerol and 1–3 fatty acids
*are nonpolar and
therefore not very soluble in water
lipids
what are the two categories of lipids?
fats
oils
are long chains of carbon atoms bound to hydrogens, with a carboxyl (–COOH) or “acid” group at one end of the chain
fatty acids
*have no double bonds between carbons, so they
are “saturated” with hydrogens
*solid at room temp
saturated fatty acids
*have one double bond between two of
the carbons in the chain
*For each double bond, the molecule has two
fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain
monounsaturated fatty acids
have two or more double bonds
between carbons in the chain.
polyunsaturated fatty acid
what are 3 types of lipid related molecules?
eicosanoids
steroids
phsopholipids
modified 20-carbon fatty acids with a
complete or partial carbon ring at one
end and two long carbon chain “tails.”
eicosanoids
lipid-related molecules whose structure
includes four linked carbon rings
steroids
- *have 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (–H2PO4)
* *important component of cell membrane
phospholipids
- the most abundant biomolecule
* that for each carbon there are two hydrogens and one oxygen
carbohydrates
what are the 3 categories of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
- simple sugars
- building blocks of complex carbohydratess
- examples are ribose and glucose
monosaccharides
- consist of glucose plus another monosaccharide
* examples are sucrose, maltose, lactose
disaccharides
- glucose polymers
- glucose is stored in this form for energy
- animals (chitin & glycogen)
- plants (cellulose & starch)
- yeast/bacteria (dextran)
polysaccharide
polymers of smaller building block molecules called amino acids
proteins
- have a carboxyl group (–COOH), an amino group (–NH2), and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon
- The fourth bond of the carbon attaches to a variable “R” group
amino acids
bond in which the amino group of one amino acid joins the carboxyl group of the other, with the loss of water.
peptide bond
what are the different structures of proteins?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
*The sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain
primary structure
- Covalent bond angles between amino acids determine secondary structure
- alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
secondary structure
- protein’s 3D shape
- fibrous proteins (collagen)
- globular proteins
tertiary structure