Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what branch is involved in sensory physiology?

A

afferent branch of peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

conscious interpretation of the world based on sensory systems, memory, and other neural processes

A

perception

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3
Q

How does information travel?

A
  • sent from periphery to CNS
    • external environment (sensory receptors)
    • internal environment
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4
Q

what are the sensory systems that enable us to perceive the external environment?

A
  • somatosensory system
    • somatic
    • proprioception
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5
Q

sensations of the skin

A

somatic division of somatosensory system

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6
Q

perception of limb and body positions

A

proprioception division of somatosensory system

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7
Q

what are our special senses that help us perceive the external environment?

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • balance and equilibrium
  • taste
  • smell
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8
Q
  • Detect specific form of energy in the external environment

- Modality: light, sound, pressure, temperature, chemicals

A

sensory receptors

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9
Q

a given sensory receptor is specific for each?

A

modality

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10
Q

is the modality that the receptor is most responsive.

A

adequate stimulus

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11
Q

modality that activates photoreceptors causing the perception of light

A

blow to the eye (pressure)

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12
Q

what are types of sensory receptors?

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
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13
Q

what are some stimuli for chemoreceptors?

A
  • oxygen
  • pH
  • organic molecules
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14
Q

what are some stimuli for mechanoreceptors?

A
  • pressure
  • cell stretch
  • vibration
  • acceleration
  • sound
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15
Q

what is the stimulus for photoreceptors?

A

photons of light

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16
Q

what is the stimulus for thermoreceptors?

A

varying degrees of heat

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17
Q

conversion of stimulus energy into electrical enery

A

sensory transduction

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18
Q

what are the potentials involved in sensory transduction?

A
  • receptor or generator potentials
    • graded potential
    • opening or closing of ion channels
    • triggered by sensory stimuli
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19
Q

what happens if the receptor potential exceeds the threshold?

A
  • can generate an action potential

- release of neurotransmitters

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20
Q

what are the two basic forms sensory receptors exist in?

A
  • neural sensory receptor

- sensory receptor cell

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21
Q

-neurons
with free nerve endings
-they may have myelinated or
unmyelinated axons.

A

simple receptors

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22
Q

have nerve

endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules

A

complex neural receptors

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23
Q

most special senses receptors are cells
that release neurotransmitter onto sensory
neurons, initiating an action potential

A

nonneural receptors

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24
Q

specific neural pathways transmitting information of a specific modality

A

labeled lines

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25
Q

what dos activation of a specific pathway cause?

A

causes perception of the associated modality, regardless of which stimulus actually activated the pathway

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26
Q

where do the pathways for different modalities terminate in?

A

different sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

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27
Q

-project to the thalamus

A

most sensory pathways

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28
Q

modifies and relays information to cortical centers

A

thalamus

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29
Q

project primarily to the cerebellum

A

equilibrium

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30
Q

what does a sensory unit include?

A
  • single afferent neuron and all associated receptors
  • all receptors are of the same type
  • activation potential may result from activation of receptors
  • receptive field
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31
Q

area in which a sensory unit is activated

A

receptive field

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32
Q

how the nervous system identifies the type, strength, and location of a stimulus

A

sensory coding

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33
Q

how is coding done for a stimulus type?

A
  • receptor type activated (light waves)

- specific pathway (to visual cortex)

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34
Q

is perception based on a single sensory pathway?

A

no, brain must integrate info from different sensory systems

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35
Q

do we have wet receptors on our skin?

A

no

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36
Q

when activated, appropriately transmit a combination of signals that we interpret as wetness.

A

thermoreceptors and touch receptors

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37
Q

what is involved in coding for stimulus intensity?

A
  • frequency of action potentials

- number of receptors activated

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38
Q

frequency of action potentials

A

frequency coding

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39
Q

number of receptors activated

A

population coding

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40
Q

how do stimulus and receptors correlate?

A

the stronger the stimulus, the more receptors it activates (recruitment)
-can be from same or other afferent neurons

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41
Q

A decrease over time in the magnitude of the receptor potential in the presence of a constant stimulus.

A

receptor adaptation

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42
Q

which receptors show little adaptation to a constant stimulus?

A

tonic receptors, muscle stretch receptors

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43
Q

which receptors adapt quickly to a constant stimulus?

A

phasic receptors, olfactory receptors

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44
Q

slowly
adapting receptors that respond
for the duration of a stimulus

A

tonic receptors

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45
Q

rapidly adapt to a

constant stimulus and turn off

A

phasic receptors

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46
Q
  • based on receptive fields in somatic senses and vision (size of field & degree of overlap)
  • acuity
  • lateral inhibition
A

coding of stimulus location

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47
Q

precision with which a stimulus is perceived

A

acuity

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48
Q

what are the steps of lateral inhibition?

A
  1. primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength
  2. pathway closest to the stimulus inhibits neighbors
  3. inhibition of lateral neurons enhances perception of stimulus
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49
Q

what happens in somatosensory pathways?

A
  1. pain, temperature, & coarse touch cross the midline in the spinal cord
  2. fine touch, vibration, & proprioception pathways cross the mindline in the medulla
  3. sensory pathways synapse in the thalamus
  4. sensations are perceived in the primary somatic sensory cortex
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50
Q

depends on chemicals in air that bind to chemoreceptors in the olfactory epithelium

A

olfaction

51
Q

located in nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

52
Q

what are the three cell types of olfactory epithelium?

A
  • receptor cells
  • basal cells
  • supporting cells
53
Q

neurons that respond to odorants

A

receptor cells of olfactory epithelium

54
Q

precursor cells for new receptor cells

A

basal cells of olfactory epithelium

55
Q

maintain extracellular environment

A

supporting cells of olfactory epithelium

56
Q

lies high within
the nasal cavity, and its olfactory neurons
project to the olfactory bulb

A

olfactory epithelium

57
Q

carried through the
olfactory cortex to the cerebral cortex
and the limbic system.

A

sensory input at the receptors

58
Q
  • live only about 2 months

- replaced by new neurons whose axons must find their way to the olfactory bulb

A

olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium

59
Q

neurons that are replaced continuously

A

olfactory receptor cells

60
Q
  • located in mucus

- transport hydrophobic odorants to receptors

A

olfactory binding proteins

61
Q
  • *project into mucus
    • 400 different chemoreceptor proteins
    • olfactory sensory neurons in different combinations
A

cilia

62
Q

how does olfactory signal transduction work?

A
  1. chemical binds to receptor
  2. activates G protein (G olf)
  3. activates adenylate cyclase–> caMP
  4. cAMP directly binds cation channels, opening them
  5. Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell–> depolarization
63
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation

64
Q

how many taste buds do we have and where are they?

A
  • more than 10,000
  • tongue
  • roof of mouth
  • pharynx
65
Q

what part of a taste bud is exposed to saliva in the mouth?

A

pore of taste bud

66
Q

how many taste receptors per taste bud?

A

50-150 taste receptors

  • modified epithelial cells
  • respond to tastants
67
Q

have support cells

A

taste buds

68
Q

are non-neural epithelium

A

taste receptor cells

69
Q

each taste cell is sensitive to?

A

only one taste

70
Q

support cells

A

Type I

71
Q

receptor cells

A

Type II

72
Q

presynaptic cells

A

Type III

73
Q

what protein is involved in taste transduction?

A

Gustducin (special G protein)

74
Q

may sense salt when Na+ enters through channels

A

Type I support cells

75
Q

receptors bind either bitter,
sweet, or umami ligands and release
ATP as a signal molecule.

A

receptor cells with G protein-coupled membrane receptors

76
Q

sense sour taste (H+) when H+ enters the cell through channels

A

presynaptic cells

77
Q

how does taste work?

A
  1. ligands activate the taste cell
  2. various intracellular pathways are activated
  3. Ca2+ signal in the cytoplasm
    triggers exocytosis or ATP
    formation.
  4. Neurotransmitter or ATP is
    released.
  5. Primary sensory neuron fires
    and action potentials are
    sent to the brain.
78
Q

directs sound waves into the ear

A

pinna

79
Q

separate the fluid-filled inner ear from the air-filled middle ear

A

oval window and round window

80
Q

mechanical waves caused by air molecules put into motion

A

sound waves

81
Q

is the perception of energy carried by sound waves

A

hearing

82
Q

is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. Hertz (number of waves per second)

A

pitch of a sound

83
Q

low frequency

A

low pitch

84
Q

high frequency

A

high pitch

85
Q

what is the human range of hearing?

A

20-20,000 Hz

86
Q

an interpretation of intensity, a function of wave amplitude (height) 60dB conversation, 120dB danger

A

loudness

87
Q
distinguished by their frequency, measured
in hertz (Hz), and amplitude, measured in decibels (dB).
A

sound waves

88
Q

what does the cochlea contain?

A
  • Perilymph in vestibular and tympanic duct
  • Endolymph in cochlear duct
  • Cochlear duct contains organ of Corti
89
Q

similar to plasma

A

perilymph in vestibular and tympanic duct

90
Q
  • secreted by epithelial cells

- similar to intracellular fluid (high K+ and Ca2+)

A

endolymph in cochlear duct

91
Q
  • hair cell receptors and support cells
  • sits on basilar membrane
  • partially covered by tectorial membrane
A

cochlear duct contains organ of corti

92
Q

bends sterocilia on non-neural hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

93
Q

what happens when sound waves strike the tympanic membrane?

A

they become vibrations

94
Q

where is the sound wave energy transferred to?

A

the 3 bones of the middle ear, which vibrate

95
Q

attached to the membrane of the oval window

A

the stapes

96
Q

create fluid waves within the cochlea

A

vibrations of the oval window

97
Q

push on the flexible membranes of the cochlear duct

A

fluid waves

98
Q

what happens when hair cells bend and ion channels open?

A

creates an electrical signal that alters neurotransmitter release

99
Q

creates action potentials that travel through the cochlear nerve to the brain

A

neurotransmitter release onto sensory neurons

100
Q

transfers across the cochlear duct into the tympanic duct and is dissipated back into the middle ear at the round window

A

energy from the waves

101
Q

transforms sound waves into electrical signals

A

cochlea

102
Q

project to brain in medulla oblongata

A

primary auditory neurons

103
Q
  • project to higher nuclei

- Synapse in nuclei in midbrain and thalamus before projecting into auditory cortex

A

secondary sensory neurons

104
Q

requires simultaneous input from both ears

A

localization of a sound source

105
Q

has variable sensitivity to sound

wave frequency along its length

A

basilar membrane

106
Q

determines the displacement

of the basilar membrane

A

frequency of sound waves

107
Q

creates
a code that the brain translates as information about the pitch
of sound.

A

location of active hair cells

108
Q

no transmission through either external or middle ear

-blockage or trauma to the bones

A

conductive hearing loss

109
Q

Damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or damage to cortex itself

A

central hearing loss

110
Q

Damage to structures of inner ear (ex. hair cells)

A

sensorineural hearing loss

111
Q

senses
the tilt of the head toward
the right or left shoulder

A

posterior canal of the vestibular apparatus

112
Q

senses rotation of the head as
it turns left or right, such as that
which occurs when shaking the head
“no.”

A

horizontal canal

113
Q

senses
rotation of the head from front
to back, such as that which
occurs when nodding “yes.”

A

superior canal

114
Q

pushes on the gelatinous cupula and activates the hair cells.

A

movement of endolymph

115
Q

when the head turns right, endolymph pushes the cupula to the…?

A

left

116
Q

bulges between semicircular canals and cochlea

A

utricle and saccule

117
Q

oriented to detect linear acceleration

A

utricle and saccule

118
Q

detects forward and backward motion

A

utricle

119
Q

detects up and down motion

A

saccule

120
Q
  • hair cells

- located in gelatinous material covered by otoliths

A

receptor cells

121
Q

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential is known as

A

transduction

122
Q

The intensity of a sensory stimulus is coded by…?

A

the frequency of action potentials

123
Q

The organ of Corti sends electrical information about sound to the brain. The perceived pitch of a sound is determined by….?

A

the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane.