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Positive Psychology > Chapter 9- Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

____ is a way of describing optimal well-being

A

Wisdom

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2
Q

____ philosophy says that wisdom is the ultimate goal of life

A

Greek

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3
Q

What does Jewish tradition say about wisdom?

A

That it’s a venerated quality associated with a highly ethical life

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4
Q

What did research psychologists traditionally say about wisdom?

A

Research psychologists traditionally avoided the topic of wisdom

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5
Q

Wisdom implies having a type of knowledge that can be described as what three things?

A

Social, interpersonal, and psychological

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6
Q

True or false: Wisdom is easy for the average person to attain

A

False; it’s difficult

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7
Q

Webster measures wisdom with what 5 components?

A

Openness to experience, emotional regulation, healthy coping with critical life
experiences, reminiscence and reflectiveness, and a self-effacing sense of
humor that recognizes life ironies

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8
Q

What are Wink and Helseon’s two forms of wisdom?

A

Practical wisdom and transcendental wisdom

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9
Q

Define practical wisdom

A

Good interpersonal skills, clarity of thinking, greater tolerance, and generativity

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10
Q

Define transcendental wisdom

A

It deals with the limits of knowledge, the rich complexity of the human
experience, and a sense of transcending the personal and individual aspects
of human experience

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11
Q

Kunzmann and Strange define wisdom as what three things?

A

Mature personality development, as postformal reasoning, and as an
expanded form of pragmatic or practical intelligence.

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12
Q

List Bangen, Meeks, and Jeste’s elements or traits usually associated with wisdom

A

Knowledge of life, prosocial values,

self-understanding, emotional homeostasis, tolerance, openness, self-understanding, and a sense of humor.

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13
Q

Describe wisdom as a stage of cognitive thought

A

Beyond formal operational thinking; the ability to think not just rationally or abstractly, but being able to hold multiple opposing abstract ideas in your mind at the same time.

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14
Q

Researchers describe wisdom by referencing what?

A

Qualities

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15
Q

Wisdom is partially driven by what?

A

A fear of appearing foolish

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16
Q

Describe Bassett’s theory of emergent wisdom

A

The idea that wisdom emerges out of a complex series of interactions among various wisdom-related capacities and
abilities.

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17
Q

Describe Solomon’s paradox

A

The idea that oftentimes people are wiser in dealing with other peoples’ problems than in dealing with their own issues

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18
Q

Wisdom as the “master virtue” was described by whom?

A

Aristotle

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19
Q

Describe wisdom as a master virtue

A

The idea that wisdom is knowing when to use all other virtues

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20
Q

Describe Fowers’ five character types

A

People move from very simple ways to thinking about virtues to more complicated: ignore the virtues (beastly phase), know what the virtues are but have trouble using them (incontinent), when what you know is right matches up with your behavior (virtuous)

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21
Q

Wise people pursue the “good life” by _____ strategies

A

eudaimonic

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22
Q

True or false: Wisdom isn’t the inevitable outcome of aging

A

True

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23
Q

Wisdom is most often seen in what age group?

A

Middle-aged people

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24
Q

How can advanced age hinder wisdom?

A

Certain age-related changes, such as not liking change or new things, may be a hindrance to wisdom unless one actively pursues is development

25
Q

Relationship between age and wisdom is specific to what?

A

culture

26
Q

Describe the relationship between wisdom and IQ

A

They’re positively correlated, but not the same thing

27
Q

Wisdom is significantly correlated with what 4 factors of wellbeing?

A

Life satisfaction
Sense of mastery
Purpose in life
Greater physical well-being for both men and women

28
Q

Wise people prefer what kind of conflict-management styles?

A

Cooperative conflict-management styles

29
Q

What does Erik Erikson say about wisdom?

A

It’s his last stage of the virtue of life and ego conflict

30
Q

How can you cultivate wisdom?

A

Practicing dialectical and reflective thinking skills about difficult problems
Empathy and compassion are necessary aspects of wisdom
Greater emotional regulation

31
Q

True or false: Wisdom is easy to teach

A

False; it is incredibly difficult

32
Q

How does Adler define social interest?

A

A feeling of intimate relationship with humanity, empathy with the human
condition, and a sense of altruism

33
Q

What are two necessary aspects of wisdom?

A

Empathy and compassion

34
Q

What does Jung believe about individuation?

A

That it leads to the development
and refinement of what Jung called the self archetype, which is the
archetype of inherent wholeness for the personality

35
Q

How does Fromm describe escape

mechanisms?

A

Unhealthy ways of dealing with fundamental anxiety; attempts to avoid real issues or hide from the necessary struggle of facing one’s fears openly and
honestly

36
Q

How does Fromm describe the productive orientation?

A

The production of the true self; this process entails dealing honestly with life’s basic dichotomies and paradoxes

37
Q

Fromm asserted that

optimal mental health involves an orientation toward what?

A

Being

38
Q

Define the being orientation according to Fromm

A

The spontaneous expression of one’s total self when it is created from a position
of complete openness to and awareness of experience

39
Q

What is the opposite of the being orientation according to Fromm?

A

The having orientation

40
Q

Define the having orientation according to Fromm

A

It hides isolation and anxiety behind possessions, rigid beliefs, and diversions designed to protect people from, rather than reveal the truth

41
Q

What things does From say is necessary to move towards being?

A

Will one thing, be fully awake, and be aware of psychological experiences, the ability to concentrate, and the ability to meditate

42
Q

How does May define daimonic?

A

Any emotional response that has the power to take us over completely

43
Q

Frankl, a psychiatrist imprisoned in a concentration camp, came up with the term “will to meaning”. How does he define it?

A

The search for meaning in one’s life; he argues that this is our primary drive

44
Q

Frankl’s ideal of optimal psychological well-being is the self-transcendent person. How does he describe this state?

A

Someone able to rise above self-focused concerns to obtain higher meaning and purpose. Specifically, meaning is found in
three ways: 1) by doing a deed or taking action, 2) by deeply experiencing,
or 3) by suffering.

45
Q

How does Wong define the meaning mind-set?

A

A person’s overarching collection of

motivations, worldviews, purposes, and assumptions about the good life.

46
Q

For Wong, a search for meaning and
fulfillment that values both positive and negative emotions and allows a
sense of tragic optimism will help create what he calls what?

A

Mature happiness, also called noetic happiness

47
Q

Define mature happiness according to Wong

A

A sense of well-being characterized
by acceptance, inner serenity, harmony, and contentment, as well as being at
peace with oneself, with others, and the world

48
Q

What does Wong’s PURE acronym stand for?

A

The P is purpose or having goals and
aspirations, the U is understanding or self-knowledge and finding your place
in the world, the R is responsibility or acting in ways that are consistent
with your values, and the E is a need for self-evaluation to authenticity and
efficacy.

49
Q

Define authenticity

A

A emphasis on valid knowledge of our

interior lives and psychological realities; involves honest presentation of oneself to other people.

50
Q

Define unbiased processing

A

An ability to see oneself without undue distortion, bias, or illusions

51
Q

Define illusory mental health

A

A sense of well-being based on

distorted self-perceptions

52
Q

How does Rogers define the self-actualizing tendency?

A

The idea that we all have an innate need to develop our potentials

53
Q

How does Rogers describe the fully functioning person?

A

The fully functioning person exhibits 1) openness to
experiences, 2) existential living, and 3) trust in one’s own organismic
experiences. This results in 4) a sense of freedom and 5) enhanced
creativity

54
Q

Define emodiversity

A

The emotional ecosystem

55
Q

How does Maslow describe self-actualization?

A

The full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities

56
Q

How does Bauer describe the quiet ego?

A

The degree of egocentricity or self-centeredness found in a person’s sense of self, self-concept, or self-identity. A person who has a “quieter” ego interprets one’s own sense of self as more interdependent, internal, complex, and abstract and better able to recognize the subtler qualities of human experience

57
Q

How does Robitschek describe the idea of personal growth initiative?

A

Active, intentional engagement in the process of personal growth

58
Q

What are the 6 criteria of Jahoda’s ideal

mental health?

A

1) Attitudes toward the self
2) Growth, development, and self-actualization
3) An integrated personality
4) Autonomy
5) Perception of reality
6) Environmental mastery

59
Q

Define Maslow’s Jonah Complex

A

“Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is
that we are powerful beyond measure.”

Positive Psychology (12 decks)

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