Chapter 2 - textbook Flashcards
What are Ekman’s 7 basic emotions?
Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, surprise, and happiness
How did Russel and Barrett define core affect?
A relatively elemental and primitive emotional reaction that is fairly consistently experienced but often not consciously acknowledged; it comprises our unique blend of the pleasant/unpleasant and the activated/deactivated dimensions that we carry with us at almost an unconscious level.
Define neuroplasticity
The idea that our brains can change throughout our lives as a result of our experiences.
How did Lykken and Tellegen define the happiness set point?
Hereditability indicates that most people have an average level of happiness—or a set point—after temporary highs and lows in emotionality
How does Lykken say that we can influence our level of well-being?
By creating environments that are more
conducive to feelings of happiness and by working with our genetic makeup.
A statistical method of combining the results of
many separate studies is called what?
Meta-analysis
Define highly sensitive person
The HSP exhibits a greater depth of cognitive
processing (D), is easily overstimulated (O), is emotionally reactive and
empathic (E), and is sensitive to subtle stimuli (S).
The fact that genes can express themselves differently in different environments is called ______ ______.
differential susceptibility.
Define learned optimism
The idea that people can unlearn negative
styles of thinking and learn how to interpret events with more realistic optimism
What are the 6 approaches to time?
Past-negative, past-positive, present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic, future-oriented type, and transcendental-future type. There’s also the ideal balanced time perspective.
Describe the past-negative approach to time
If you are the “past-negative type,” you tend to focus on negative past experiences that still upset you.
Describe the past-positive approach to time
The “past-positive type” adopts a pleasant, nostalgic view of the past.
Describe the present-hedonistic approach to time
Someone who is dominated by pleasure-seeking
impulses
Describe the present-fatalistic approach to time
Someone who feels powerless to change the
present or the future.
Define the future-oriented approach to time
Someone who is ambitious but feels a nagging sense of urgency that can impact close relationships.
Define the transcendental-future approach to time
Someone who tends to focus on how present life will impact life after death.
What’s the best time perspective?
Balanced time perspective
Describe the balanced time perspective
We should learn from the past but maintain the ability to look toward goals. Similarly, we need to delay gratification in order to reach our hoped-for future while giving ourselves time to have fun and enjoy present pleasures
Define character
How we conduct ourselves as members of a society
Define strengths
Unique positive qualities that we each have, the
qualities we bring to our encounters both with other people and with ourselves
Define signature strengths
The most important strengths for each individual
Define the social constraints model of mood regulation
The idea that people regulate their moods based on their understanding of the particular social situation
Research has found that most people around the world generally report being in a good mood. What is this phenomenon called?
Positive mood offset
Faster thinking is associated with more ____ moods
positive
Define effectance motivations
Motivations that propel people toward a sense
of competence
Define intrinsic motivations
Operating when we are compelled to engage in some activity for its own sake, regardless of any external reward.
Define extrinsic motivations
When we act to obtain some external reward, be it status, praise, an excellent grade, money, or another incentive that comes from outside ourselves
What are the synonyms for intrinsic and extrinsic?
Autonomous motivation is intrinsic motivation and controlled motivation is extrinsic motivation
High congruence between one’s personality and goals is referred to as ________
self-concordance
Define personal strivings
Personal strivings are groupings of smaller goals that may help to facilitate larger, more abstract goals.
Define extrinsic strivings
Extrinsic strivings are done for the sake of someone else or only for extrinsic rewards.
Define introjected strivings
Introjected strivings are pursued not necessarily for
personally relevant reasons but because if you didn’t, then you’d feel guilty or that you let someone down
Define identified strivings
Identified strivings relate to pursuing a goal that someone else says is important
Define intrinsic strivings
Intrinsic strivings are engaged in because they are personally meaningful and have been freely chosen by the individual
What are Emmons’ four types of strivings?
Extrinsic, introjected, identified, and intrinsic
Hope theory says that hope is actually the result of what two processes?
1) pathways, or believing that one can find ways to reach desired goals
2) agency, or believing that one can become motivated enough to pursue those goals
Define affective forecasting
Predicting how you will feel when you reach your
goals.
