Chapter 2 - textbook

Question 1

What are Ekman’s 7 basic emotions?

Answer 1

Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, surprise, and happiness

Question 2

How did Russel and Barrett define core affect?

Answer 2

A relatively elemental and primitive emotional reaction that is fairly consistently experienced but often not consciously acknowledged; it comprises our unique blend of the pleasant/unpleasant and the activated/deactivated dimensions that we carry with us at almost an unconscious level.

Question 3

Define neuroplasticity

Answer 3

The idea that our brains can change throughout our lives as a result of our experiences.

Question 4

How did Lykken and Tellegen define the happiness set point?

Answer 4

Hereditability indicates that most people have an average level of happiness—or a set point—after temporary highs and lows in emotionality

Question 5

How does Lykken say that we can influence our level of well-being?

Answer 5

By creating environments that are more

conducive to feelings of happiness and by working with our genetic makeup.

Question 6

A statistical method of combining the results of

many separate studies is called what?

Answer 6

Meta-analysis

Question 7

Define highly sensitive person

Answer 7

The HSP exhibits a greater depth of cognitive
processing (D), is easily overstimulated (O), is emotionally reactive and
empathic (E), and is sensitive to subtle stimuli (S).

Question 8

The fact that genes can express themselves differently in different environments is called ______ ______.

Answer 8

differential susceptibility.

Question 9

Define learned optimism

Answer 9

The idea that people can unlearn negative

styles of thinking and learn how to interpret events with more realistic optimism

Question 10

What are the 6 approaches to time?

Answer 10

Past-negative, past-positive, present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic, future-oriented type, and transcendental-future type. There’s also the ideal balanced time perspective.

Question 11

Describe the past-negative approach to time

Answer 11

If you are the “past-negative type,” you tend to focus on negative past experiences that still upset you.

Question 12

Describe the past-positive approach to time

Answer 12

The “past-positive type” adopts a pleasant, nostalgic view of the past.

Question 13

Describe the present-hedonistic approach to time

Answer 13

Someone who is dominated by pleasure-seeking

impulses

Question 14

Describe the present-fatalistic approach to time

Answer 14

Someone who feels powerless to change the

present or the future.

Question 15

Define the future-oriented approach to time

Answer 15

Someone who is ambitious but feels a nagging sense of urgency that can impact close relationships.

Question 16

Define the transcendental-future approach to time

Answer 16

Someone who tends to focus on how present life will impact life after death.

Question 17

What’s the best time perspective?

Answer 17

Balanced time perspective

Question 18

Describe the balanced time perspective

Answer 18

We should learn from the past but maintain the ability to look toward goals. Similarly, we need to delay gratification in order to reach our hoped-for future while giving ourselves time to have fun and enjoy present pleasures

Question 19

Define character

Answer 19

How we conduct ourselves as members of a society

Question 20

Define strengths

Answer 20

Unique positive qualities that we each have, the

qualities we bring to our encounters both with other people and with ourselves

Question 21

Define signature strengths

Answer 21

The most important strengths for each individual

Question 22

Define the social constraints model of mood regulation

Answer 22

The idea that people regulate their moods based on their understanding of the particular social situation

Question 23

Research has found that most people around the world generally report being in a good mood. What is this phenomenon called?

Answer 23

Positive mood offset

Question 24

Faster thinking is associated with more ____ moods

Answer 24

positive

Question 25

Define effectance motivations

Answer 25

Motivations that propel people toward a sense

of competence

Question 26

Define intrinsic motivations

Answer 26

Operating when we are compelled to engage in some activity for its own sake, regardless of any external reward.

Question 27

Define extrinsic motivations

Answer 27

When we act to obtain some external reward, be it status, praise, an excellent grade, money, or another incentive that comes from outside ourselves

Question 28

What are the synonyms for intrinsic and extrinsic?

Answer 28

Autonomous motivation is intrinsic motivation and controlled motivation is extrinsic motivation

Question 29

High congruence between one’s personality and goals is referred to as ________

Answer 29

self-concordance

Question 30

Define personal strivings

Answer 30

Personal strivings are groupings of smaller goals that may help to facilitate larger, more abstract goals.

Question 31

Define extrinsic strivings

Answer 31

Extrinsic strivings are done for the sake of someone else or only for extrinsic rewards.

Question 32

Define introjected strivings

Answer 32

Introjected strivings are pursued not necessarily for

personally relevant reasons but because if you didn’t, then you’d feel guilty or that you let someone down

Question 33

Define identified strivings

Answer 33

Identified strivings relate to pursuing a goal that someone else says is important

Question 34

Define intrinsic strivings

Answer 34

Intrinsic strivings are engaged in because they are personally meaningful and have been freely chosen by the individual

Question 35

What are Emmons’ four types of strivings?

Answer 35

Extrinsic, introjected, identified, and intrinsic

Question 36

Hope theory says that hope is actually the result of what two processes?

Answer 36

1) pathways, or believing that one can find ways to reach desired goals
2) agency, or believing that one can become motivated enough to pursue those goals

Question 37

Define affective forecasting

Answer 37

Predicting how you will feel when you reach your

goals.