Chapter 10- Textbook

Question 1

Define spirituality

Answer 1

Refers to a personal or group search for the sacred in life.

Question 2

Define religion

Answer 2

Refers to a search for the sacred within a traditional context such as a formal religious institution

Question 3

Define vertical transcendence

Answer 3

Involves fostering a relationship with a spiritual being who is “higher” or “greater” than oneself, such as the Judeo-Christian conception of God.

Question 4

Define horizontal transcendence and give an example

Answer 4

Involves forming a relationship with a force that is more immanent in the
world and is less often viewed as a spiritual being.
For instance, in Taoism the force that underlies and sustains the natural order of the universe is not seen as a spiritual being but is simply called the Tao.

Question 5

How did Wong define noetic happiness?

Answer 5

Describes well-being derived from the spiritual or existential dimension.

Question 6

True or false: The ability of religion to provide a sense of meaning and purpose or a sense of coherence is possibly the most important predictor of improved health
status

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What are the 6 types of prayer?

Answer 7

Prayers of adoration, prayers of thanksgiving, petitionary/ supplication prayers, prayers of confession, prayers of reception, prayers of obligation.

Question 8

Within the 6 categories of prayer, it can be subdivided into what 3 categories?

Answer 8

Formalistic, colloquial, and meditative

Question 9

What do most religions have in common?

Answer 9

They have some form of the “golden rule”

Question 10

What are the criticisms to the term “meaning”?

Answer 10

It may be liable to the same
criticisms as happiness. That is, it is common for people to say that their
life is more meaningful because of their spouse, job, religion, or even a
favorite song or beloved pet. If meaning is understood merely as a
subjective feeling that helps people feel good, then one’s sense of meaning
might be limited

Question 11

When a sense of meaning is derived from
elements of a person’s life that are not necessarily religious or spiritual,
such as one’s spouse or job, this is often referred to as _____ meaning or ____ meaning

Answer 11

Personal meaning or situational meaning

Question 12

Define cosmic (also called global) meaning

Answer 12

This type of meaning addresses questions about whether “life in general, or at least human life, fits into some overall coherent pattern”.
Cosmic meaning is what people search for when they need to believe that some design or order exists in the universe. Park and Folkman (1997) identified such meaning as a search for enduring
beliefs, valued goals, and a sense of order and coherence to existence. In addition, cosmic meaning “centers on what is perceived to be sacred”

Question 13

Define forgiveness

Answer 13

Forgiveness entails recognizing and acknowledging that a
transgression occurred against us and finding ways to move beyond it. True
forgiveness is about breaking free of both the wrong done to us and the
person who committed the wrong.

Question 14

Enright, Freedman, and Rique (1998) proposed a four-phase model of the
steps involved in forgiving. What are the 4 phases?

Answer 14

The uncovering phase, decision phase, the work phase, and the deepening phase

Question 15

Describe the first phase of forgiveness

Answer 15

The first phase is the uncovering phase. At this point, people explore how their chronic holding onto resentment, anger, or
hate is exerting a destructive impact on their own lives.

Question 16

Describe the second and third phases of forgiveness

Answer 16

The decision phase involves making a choice to try to forgive.
In the work phase one tries to forgive by reframing an incident, accepting its hurt, and trying to find an empathic understanding of why the offender acted as he or she did

Question 17

Describe the fourth phase of forgiveness

Answer 17

Phase four is the deepening phase, in which the person tries to gain a deeper
sense of meaning as a result of an injury. This effort can encompass a recognition of universality with others who have experienced deep hurts, that one is not alone.

Question 18

Define the practice of metta

Answer 18

To develop compassion, Buddhist monks for many years have practiced metta or loving-kindness meditation. This practice is
designed to help generate positive emotions such as compassion, love,
generosity, and tolerance

Question 19

Define the HEXACO model of personality

Answer 19

Honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion,

agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience

Question 20

Define epiphany

Answer 20

Derives from the Greek word

for “manifestation” and refers to moments of sudden realization or comprehension of a larger meaning.

Question 21

Define transcendent experiences

Answer 21

Religious or spiritual experiences that are
often dramatic and leave people feeling they have entered a higher state of
consciousness.
The depth and intensity of the experience often provide an emotional confirmation that a spiritual reality is alive in this world.

Question 22

Define elation

Answer 22

A momentary experience of joy.
A relatively common experience for most people involves witnessing
unsolicited acts of kindness, charity, or compassion. For many persons,
merely viewing these acts can produce positive emotions.

Question 23

Rudolph Otto (1958) referred to awe in a
religious context as what?

Answer 23

The “mysterium tremendum” or “the overpowering feeling of majesty and mystery in the presence of the holy

Question 24

What are the 6 conditions that favor an emergence of awe in one’s emotional life?

Answer 24

1) time for reflection
2) a capacity to slow down
3) an ability to savor the moment
4) a focus on what one loves
5) a capacity to see the big picture
6) an ability to trust in the ultimately
unknowable.

Question 25

A series of studies by Piff, Dietze,

Feinberg, Stancato, and Keltner (2015) yielded several intriguing findings about awe. What were they?

Answer 25

1) dispositional tendencies to experience awe predicted greater generosity
in an experimental situation; 2) an experimental induction of awe (relative
to various control conditions) increased ethical decision-making,
generosity, and prosocial behavior; and 3) a naturalistic induction of awe in
which participants stood in a grove of towering trees enhanced prosocial
behavior and decreased an attitude of entitlement.

Question 26

Define wonder

Answer 26

An opening of the heart to joy, gratitude, and love

Question 27

What are the three types of experiences involving wonder?

Answer 27

1) physical, involving objects, phenomena, or processes found within nature, such as visiting the Grand Canyon or seeing a dazzling sunset
2) personal, involving interactions with people or their work, such as observing one’s infant develop
3) metaphysical, involving intense
musing on the meaning of the original stimulus, such as gazing down at the earth from an airplane or thinking about the universe’s creation.

Question 28

How did Maslow describe peak experiences?

Answer 28

Brief moments when people experience intense joy, wonder, appreciation,
or connection to a larger spiritual reality.

Question 29

How did Maslow describer plateau experiences?

Answer 29

In the plateau experience, all aspects of the world take on a sacred quality or
are seen as manifestations of a divine presence.

Question 30

Maslow referred to “a sense of restoring a feeling of the sacred to the ordinary
world” as what?

Answer 30

Resacralization

Question 31

How did Maslow describe desacralization?

Answer 31

When people repressed a sense of the sacred and instead perceived the world as simply objects with no inherent meaning or value

Question 32

Define numinous experiences

Answer 32

Those in which a person feels he or she has been granted an “awareness of a holy
other beyond nature and a sense that one is in communion with this holy
other”

Question 33

Define contemplative spirituality

Answer 33

Religious disciplines that seek to find a
direct and personal experience of God or whatever is seen as the ultimate
force in the universe

Question 34

Define transpersonal psychology

Answer 34

It is concerned specifically with the
empirical, scientific study of, and responsible implementation of
the findings relevant to becoming, individual and species-wide
meta-needs, ultimate values, unitive consciousness, peak
experiences

Question 35

Define instances of quantum change

Answer 35

Moments of sudden and dramatic personality and behavior change brought on by spiritual events such as conversion or mystical experiences.

Question 36

Describe centering prayer

Answer 36

1) At the beginning of the prayer, take a minute or two to quiet
down and then 2) move in faith to God’s presence dwelling in our
depths; 3) at the end of the prayer, take several minutes to come
out, mentally praying the “Our Father” or some other prayer. After
resting awhile in the center in faithful love, take up a single word,
such as love, that expresses this response and allow it to repeat
itself within your mind. Whenever in the course of prayer, you
become aware of any intrusion, gently return to God’s presence by
using the prayer word.

Question 37

Define nirvana

Answer 37

To be released from all needs and desires based on greed, anger, and delusion

Question 38

Someone who has experienced Nirvana is said to have had a(n) ________ experience.

Answer 38

enlightenment

Question 39

Define arhat in Buddhism

Answer 39

The arhat embodies the essence of mental health in [Buddhist
psychology]. His personality traits are permanently altered; all his
motives, perceptions, and actions that he formerly engaged in
under the influence of unhealthy factors will have vanished

Question 40

What are the two main styles of meditation?

Answer 40

Vipassana and samatha

Question 41

Describe neuromysticism

Answer 41

It seeks a scientific understanding of extraordinary mental states by examination of their neural activity

Question 42

Describe neurotheology

Answer 42

The use of neurological imaging techniques to study religious experiences

Question 43

Define entheogens

Answer 43

Natural and synthetic substances used to foster religious experiences

Question 44

Describe intrinsic religiosity

Answer 44

When religious beliefs and practices

are founded on personal and authentic motivations

Question 45

Describe Fowler’s 6 stages of development

Answer 45

Fowler’s six stages of development move from simple and concrete to more
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complex and abstract notions of faith. During stage transitions, believers
become increasingly aware of the contradictions and paradoxes of their
faith. As they resolve contradictions, they move to more mature stages of
faith, manifested by greater tolerance and openness.

Question 46

Describe model of hierarchical

complexity (MHC)

Answer 46

incorporates mathematical calculations to determine
how information about religious issues is organized (Day, 2017). The MHC
results in stages of religious cognition similar to Lawrence Kohlberg’s
theory of moral development, Fowler’s stages of religious faith, and the
development of wisdom. That is, as people develop and mature in how they
think about religious issues they can increasingly use abstract thought, adopt
a less egocentric perspective, embrace a more universal appreciation of
religion and spirituality, and accept ambiguity and paradox

Question 47

Define collective unconscious

Answer 47

Contains psychological material shared by all humanity

Question 48

Define archetypes

Answer 48

“psychological instincts,”
which are innate universal tendencies to respond emotionally to
environmental stimuli.

Question 49

Meaning in life is major criterion for _______

Answer 49

eudaimonia