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Microbiology Exam 2 (Modules 3-5) > chapter 9 study questions > Flashcards

chapter 9 study questions Flashcards

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1
Q

____________ is the destruction of most microbes using chemicals on a living surface such as the skin.

A

antisepsis/degermation

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2
Q

a process that completely removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat is referred to as __________

A

sterilization

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3
Q

an object that is free of all viable microorganisms and all viruses is described as ________

A

sterile

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4
Q

True or False:

There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores.

A

FALSE

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5
Q

The use of a physical process or a chemical to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores, usually on inanimate surfaces, is called _________.

A

disinfection

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6
Q

The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is __________.

A

Decontamination or sanitization

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7
Q

Reducing the number of microbes on human skin through a combination of mechanical friction and the application of chemicals is called _______.

A

degermation

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8
Q

which disease-causing agent is resistant to both heat and chemicals?

A

prions

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9
Q

disinfection destroys __________

A

only vegetative bacterial cells

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10
Q

A cleansing technique, often using soaps and detergents, that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels is called __________.

A

decontamination

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11
Q

two examples of sterilization techniques

A

autoclaving - pressurized steam

ionizing radiation

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12
Q

The physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load is called _______

A

degermation

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13
Q

Prions are resistant to _______ and _______.

A

resistant to heat and chemicals

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14
Q

A chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts is called a _______.

A

fungicide

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15
Q

Virucides ______ viruses

A

inactivate

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16
Q

The mechanical removal of most microbes from inanimate or animate surfaces is called ______.

-> Hint: inanimate and animate

A

decontamination or sanitization

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17
Q

what agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?

A

sporicide

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18
Q

non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms can be killed with a _________

A

germicide or microbicide

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19
Q

where microorganisms are growing in blood or other tissues is referred to as _____

A

sepsis

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20
Q

devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called _______

A

semicritical

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21
Q

items not in touch with patients or only in touch with intact skin ie. blood pressure cuffs

A

noncritical

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22
Q

devices that are expected to come into contact with sterile tissues ie. artificial hip

A

critical

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23
Q

characterized by the stopping of call metabolic activity of a cell

A

death

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24
Q

what is a chemical agent that kills microorganisms but is not effective against bacterial endospores

A

germicide

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25
Q

what items are considered critical for sterilization?

A

artificial hip and syringe needle

NOT crutches (noncritical), stethoscope (noncritical), or endoscopy tube (semi critical)

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26
Q

most common physical agent to control microbes is

A

heat

; moist and dry heat

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27
Q

higher temps are usually _______, whereas lower temps are usually _______.

A

microbicidal

microbistatic

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28
Q

_____ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens

A

germicides

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29
Q

dry heat occurs in the forms of _______ and _______.

A

an open flame and hot air oven

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30
Q

___ heat requires longer exposure times and higher temps than _____ heat.

A

dry

moist

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31
Q

the most lethal effect of moist heat is the coagulation and denaturation of ________, which quickly and permanently halts cellular metabolism.

A

proteins

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32
Q

the most prominent antimicrobial physical agent is _________.

A

heat

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33
Q

what factors must be considered in order to adequately sterilize using heat?

A

presence of water
temp
length of exposure

NOT pH of enviro

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34
Q

Dry heat __________ the cell, removing the water necessary for metabolic reactions, and it also _________ proteins.

A

dehydrates or desiccates

denatures or unfolds

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35
Q

boiling water and steam are examples of ________ heat.

A

moist

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36
Q

Which of the following are relatively resistant to heat? Select all that apply.

a. vegetative cells
b. fungi
c. endospores
d. viruses

A

c and d

*vegetative cells have low resistance to heat

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37
Q

How does microbial control via moist heat differ from control via dry heat?

A

moist heat requires shorter exposure times and lower temps

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38
Q

The shortest length of time required to skill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as :

A

thermal death time

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39
Q

Moist heat has the most significant effects on cellular __________.

A

proteins

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40
Q

The lowest temperature required to skill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes is the :

A

thermal death point

**NOT TO BE MISTAKEN WITH THERMAL DEATH TIME

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41
Q

When a loop is flamed in a microbiology lab, dry heat:

A

oxidizes cells, burning them to ashes

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42
Q

Incineration is a form of ________ heat.

A

dry

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43
Q

Which two variables contribute to the thermal death TIME?

A

heat and time

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44
Q

Boiling water can be an effective means of ________.

A

disinfection

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45
Q

A technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage is ________.

A

pasteurization

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46
Q

The goal of regular pasteurization methods is the ___________ of the liquid.

A

disinfection

47
Q

which method of pasteurization uses a lower temperature for a longer period of time?

A

batch method,, NOT flash method

48
Q

boiling water can be an effective means of _________ and _________ in the clinic and home.

A

sanitization and disinfection

49
Q

moist heat temp range

A

60-135 degrees C

50
Q

dry heat temp range

A

160 to several thousand degrees C

51
Q

incineration, dry heat, is a form of ___________.

A

sterilization

52
Q

to dry thoroughly

A

desiccation

53
Q

a method for preserving organisms, by freezing and then drying them

A

lyophilization

54
Q

types of radiation suitable for microbial control

A

gamma rays, X rays, and ultraviolet radiation

55
Q

two types of ionizing radiation that sterilize

A

gamma rays and X rays

56
Q

Nonionizing radiation example (not sterile)

A

UV rays

57
Q

an effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids; straining

A

filtration

58
Q

adding large amounts of salt or sugar to foods to create a hypertonic environment for bacteria in the foods, causing plasmolysis and making it impossible for the bacteria to multiply; method of microbial control

A

osmotic pressure

59
Q

what microbes are not usually destroyed or inactivated with regular pasteurization methods?

A

heat-resistant microbes and endospores

**viruses are usually inactivated with p treatments

60
Q

substances like oils or waxes are not effectively sterilized in an autoclave b/c they

A

repel moisture

61
Q

give two examples of substances not suited for sterilization in an autoclave

A

powders and oils

62
Q

UV radiation is usually used for ____________.

A

disinfection

63
Q

what unit is radiation measured in?

A

Grays

64
Q

the use of sugar or salt to preserve food creates a __________ environment for the bacteria in the foods.

A

hypertonic

65
Q

what are tinctures?

A

solutions dissolved in pure alcohol or alcohol-water mixtures

66
Q

what do high level germicides do?

A

kill endospores and sterilize

67
Q

what do intermediate level germicides do?

A

kill fungal (but not bacterial) spores, and kill resistant pathogens such as the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, and viruses

68
Q

what do low level germicides do?

A

eliminate only vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells, and some viruses

69
Q

three examples of organisms that chlorine destructs

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Entamoeba cysts
Hep A virus

70
Q

list three organisms that ethyl alcohol destructs

A

S. aureus
E. coli
Poliovirus

71
Q

list three organisms that hydrogen peroxide destructs?

A

S. aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Herpes simplex virus

72
Q

a desirable characteristic of a germicide is _______ spectrum action

A

broad

73
Q

UV radiation is effective at disinfecting which types of materials?

A

solid surfaces, air, and liquids

74
Q

Ethylene oxide typically kills microbes by

A

disrupting enzyme function
blocking DNA replication

—>can disinfect plastic materials, delicate instruments, used to sterilize syringes, surgical supplies, and medical devices that are prepackages

75
Q

which chemical is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but is more toxic than other related gases?

A

ethylene oxide

76
Q

which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?

A

chlorine dioxide

ethylene oxide

77
Q

Chemical Group: Halogens

Chlorine

A

can slowly skill endospores and all other microbes
liquid/gaseous form
disinfects drinking water, sewage and waste water, used in HC to treat wounds and disinfect bedding instruments, sanitize food equipment

—> denatures enzymes permanently and suspends metabolic reactions

78
Q

Chemical Group: Halogens

Iodine

A

sterilant

  • interferes with variety of metabolic functions
  • interferes with hydrogen and disulfide bonding of proteins

—> disinfects plastic and rubber instruments, cutting blades, prepares skin for surgery, treats burns and disinfects

79
Q

Oxidizing agents:

hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid

A

sterilant
-oxygen forms free radicals which are highly toxic and reactive to cells

—>skin and wound cleansing, mouth washing, bedsore care, treats infections caused by anaerobic bacterial; used in low temp sterilizing cabinets for delicate instruments

**sporicidal only in HIGH concentrations

80
Q

Aldehydes

A

sterilant
-irreversibly disrupt the activity of enzymes and other proteins within the cells

—> kills rapidly and is broad spectrum; sterilizes equipment, scopes, kidney dialysis machines, dental instruments

81
Q

Phenol (carbolic acid)

NOT A STERILANT

A

kills some bacteria, viruses, fungi

  • disrupt cell walls and membrane proteins (high concentration)
  • inactivate certain critical enzyme functions (low concentrations)

—>disinfectants (drains, cesspools, animal quarters)

**many are toxic and dangerous to use as antiseptics

82
Q

Chlorhexidine

NOT A STERILANT

A

kills most bacteria, viruses, and fungi
-targets bacterial membranes where selective permeability is lost, bacterial cell walls, proteins (denaturation)

—> hand scrubs, prepping skin for surgery, obstetric antiseptic

83
Q

detergents ____________ the cytoplasmic membrane

A

disrupt

84
Q

Heavy metal compounds exert microbial effects by __________ onto functional groups of proteins and _________ them.

A

binding

inactivating

85
Q

what are some desirable qualities in a germicide?

A

broad spectrum
rapid action
not corrosive and non-staining
solubility in a solvent

86
Q

Glutaraldehyde affects what type of macromolecules?

Hint: what do aldehydes disrupt?

A

they disrupt and denature proteins and enzymes

87
Q

Organic substances bearing a -CHO functional group on the terminal carbon are called?

A

aldehydes

88
Q

Heavy metal germicides come in which of the following forms?

a. aqueous solutions
b. solid capsules
c. ointments

A

aqueous solutions

ointments

89
Q

gases that are commonly used as sterilant or disinfectants are ethylene oxide and __________ dioxide

A

chlorine

90
Q

Heavy metals that are still used in germicidal preparations are mercury and __________

A

silver / Ag

91
Q

True or False:
heavy metals may be used for topical germicides and ointments

Hint: think of Sujata’s story about silver and skin color

A

True - silver nitrate is a component of topical ointments

92
Q

Quats are rated as ______________ disinfectants in the clinical setting

A

low-level

93
Q

True or False:

Tinctures and ointments are two types of heavy metal germicides.

A

True, there are also aqueous solutions too

94
Q

soaps and quats are commonly used for

A

sanitization of the home and food prep equipment
skin cleansing
disinfection of restrooms

95
Q

Cationic detergents typically work by

A

disrupting the cell membrane

96
Q

although they do have some drawbacks, heavy metals are used for:

A

prevention of infection
preservatives
skin cleansing
controlling microbial growth on objects

97
Q

what type of macromolecule is affected by heavy metals?

A

proteins, by inactivating them

98
Q

which type of detergents are more effective?

A

cationic

99
Q

hydrogen peroxide is commonly used for

A

sterilization of diagnostic instruments

skin and wound cleansing

100
Q

__________ typically kills microbes by producing toxic free radicals

A

hydrogen peroxide

101
Q

True or False: household cleaners are often alcohol based

A

false, alcohol is most commonly used as a degerming agent for the skin

102
Q

alcohols usually affect microbes by

A

disrupting cell surface tension

disrupting cell membrane

103
Q

which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?

A

ethyl

isopropyl

104
Q

alcohols are effective against

A

most bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses

105
Q

chlorhexidine solutions are commonly used for

A

antisepsis of the skin

–> medical moment example with mouthwash to prevent microbial build up on mouth tube going into lungs (infection possibility)

106
Q

chlorhexidine typically kills microbes by

A

disrupting the cell wall
disrupting cell membrane
denaturing proteins

107
Q

true or false: routine skin antisepsis often is completed using phenolics

A

false, it can be toxic to the skin

108
Q

what is the mode of action of phenolics?

A

disruption of cell walls or membranes

also disrupt enzymatic systems (denatures metabolic enzymes)`

109
Q

phenol is now limited to its used in

A

drains, cesspools, and animal quarters

110
Q

phenolics are

A

microbicidal

111
Q

complexes of iodine and alcohol are called

A

iodophors

112
Q

iodine compounds are typically used for

A

disinfection of medical equipment
antisepsis of skin
tx of skin wounds

113
Q

iodine compounds typically kill microbes by

A

denaturing proteins

Microbiology Exam 2 (Modules 3-5) (13 decks)

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