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Microbiology Exam 2 (Modules 3-5) > 11.3 + 11.4 > Flashcards

11.3 + 11.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

the primary habitat in the natural world where a potential pathogen makes its home

; the natural host or habitat of a pathogen

A

reservoir

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2
Q

the individual or object from which an infection is acquired

A

transmitter

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3
Q

In the case of Hep A., the human carrier is the __________, and the contaminated food is the ___________.

Options: reservoir, transmitter

A
  1. Reservoir

2. Trasnmitter

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4
Q

a person who harbors infections and inconspicuously spreads them to others
*the person may or may have experiences disease due to the microbe

A

carrier

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5
Q

what are the different carrier states

A
  1. asymptomatic carrier - infected but show no signs of disease (ie. gonorrhea, HPV)
  2. incubating carrier - spread the infectious agent during the incubation period (ie. infectious mononucleosis)
  3. Convalescent carrier - recuperating patients without symptoms; they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others (ie. Hep A.)
  4. Chronic carrier - individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery b/c of the latency of the infectious agent (ie. tuberculosis, typhoid fever)
  5. Passive carrier - medical and dental personnel who constantly handle patient materials that are heavily contaminated with patient secretions and blood and risk picking up pathogens mechanically and accidentally transferring them to other patients (ie. various healthcare associated infections)
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6
Q

what are the majority of animal reservoir agents?

A

arthropods such as fleas, mosquitoes, flies, ticks

-> but larger animals like mammals (rabies), birds (psittacosis), or lizards (salmonellosis) can also spread infection

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7
Q

an infection indigenous to animals but also transmissible to humans is a

A

zoonosis

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8
Q

list some examples of zoonotic viral infections

A

rabies, yellow fever, hantavirus, West Nile virus, influenza,

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9
Q

list some common zoonotic bacterial infections

A 
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (spread by dogs/ticks)
Psittacosis (birds)
Leptospirosis (domestic animals)
Anthrax (domestic animals)
Brucellosis (cattle, sheep, pigs)
Plague (rodents, fleas)
Salmonellosis (mammals, birds, reptiles, rodents)
Tularemia (rodents, birds, arthropods)
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10
Q

list some common zoonotic other microbes

A 
Ringworm (domestic animals)
Toxoplasmosis (cats, rodents, birds)
Trypanosomiasis (domestic and wild mammals)
Trichinosis (swine, bears)
Tapeworm (cattle, swine, fish)
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11
Q 
True or False:
SARS-CoC-2 belongs to a class of infections that has a zoonotic origin, but has jumped species to be transmissible between humans
A

TRUE

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12
Q

list some nonliving reservoirs

A

soil, water, air

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13
Q

a disease is _________ when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host

it is the microbe that is __________, not the disease

A

communicable

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14
Q

a highly communicable disease is _______

A

contagious

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15
Q

a ___________ infectious disease does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host, it is acquired through some other special circumstance

A

noncommunicable

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16
Q

this type of infection sometimes occurs when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own microbiota
-> persons with this type of infection do not become a source of infection to others

A

noncommunicable

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17
Q

the disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another

A

horizontal transmission

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18
Q

transmission from parent to offspring via the ovum, sperm, placenta, or milk

A

vertical transmission

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19
Q

inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens (ie. doorknobs, phones, faucets)

A

fomite

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20
Q

a natural, nonliving, material that can transmit infectious agents

A

vehicle

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21
Q

mechanical vector transmission

A

insect carries microbes to hosts on its body parts

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22
Q

biological vector transmission

A

insect injects microbes into host; part of microbe life cycle completed in insect

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23
Q

an infection not present upon admission to a hospital but incurred while being there

A

healthcare-associated infections / nosocomial infections

24
Q

what are the most common healthcare associated infections?

A

pneumonia, gastro illness, UTIs, bloodstream infections, surgical site infections

25
Q

common hospital pathogens and what they cause

C. diff

A

GI infections

26
Q

common hospital pathogens and what they cause

Staphylococcus aureus

A

pneumonia, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections

27
Q

common hospital pathogens and what they cause

Klebsiella species

A

surgical site infections, UTIs, pneumonia

28
Q

common hospital pathogens and what they cause

E. coli

A

UTI, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections

29
Q

common hospital pathogens and what they cause

Enterococcus species

A

UTI, surgical site infections, blood stream infections

30
Q

Candida auris

A

multi-drug resistant yeast, high concern

31
Q

the microbial cause of disease; the pathogen

A

etiologic agent

32
Q

a procedure to establish the specific cause of disease

A

Koch’s Postulates

33
Q

list the 4 postulates of Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of disease.
  2. Isolate that microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory; characterize it fully.
  3. Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate observe the same resultant disease.
  4. Reisolate the same agent from this subject.
34
Q

Describe the general idea of Koch’s Postulates

A

it is that you must isolate what you think the cause is, then apply it to a native population, and then produce the effect.

35
Q

in what type of infection can Koch’s postulates not be satisfied?

A

In polymicrobial infections

36
Q

11.3 Outcome

Differentiate among the various types of reservoirs and give an example of each

A

Animals: birds, mammals, reptiles
Humans: immunocompromised
Arthropods: mosquitoes, flies, ticks
Non-living: air, soil, water

37
Q

11.3 Outcome

Define healthcare-associated infection and give two examples

A

an infection you did not have on admission but contract during your stay

ie. Staphylococcus aureus -> pneumonia and C. diff -> GI infection

38
Q

11.3 Outcome

List several modes of transmission

A

Vertical -> from parent to offspring via ovum, milk, sperm, placenta

Horizontal

  • direct (kissing, touching, air droplet contact)
  • indirect (inanimate object, ingestion, soil, parenteral)

Vector

  • mechanical (insect carries microbes on its body to host)
  • biological (insect injects microbes into host; microbes completes part of life cycle inside insect)
39
Q

11.3 Outcome

List Koch’s postulates and when it isn’t appropriate

A
  1. Find evidence of microbe in every case of disease
  2. Isolate and cultivate so microbe and disease can be characterized
  3. Inoculate native species to observe disease process
  4. Reisolate

will not work with polymicrobial infections, which we are finding to be quite common these days

40
Q

the study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community.

-> the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations

A

epidemiology

41
Q

give some examples of notifiable diseases in the US

A

Anthrax, Ebola, Gonorrhea, Hansen’s Disease, Smallpox, Shigellosis, Hep A, B, C, HIV infection, West Nile Virus, toxic shock, Tetanus, influenza-associated pediatric mortality, Botulism, Typhoid Fever, Lyme Disease, Malaria, Measles, Varicella, Rubella, Cholera, Lujo virus, Psittacosis, Plague, Dengue, Vibriosis, Zika virus, Giardiasis, AND MANY MORE

42
Q

the total number of existing cases in a given population

A

prevalence of a disease

EXISTING

43
Q

measures the number of NEW cases over a certain period of time.

A

incidence of a disease

NEW CASES

44
Q

the number of persons afflicted with infectious diseases

A

morbidity rate

45
Q

an outbreak of disease in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen, even if they were exposed at different times

ie. contaminated food from a factory being sent out and affecting a population

A

common-source epidemic

46
Q

an outbreak of disease in which the causative agent is passed from affected persons to new persons over the course of time

ie. influenza

A

propagated epidemic

47
Q

an outbreak of a disease in which all individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen at a single point in time

ie. a spoiled potato salad at church that affects a small group of people all at the same time

A

point-source epidemic

48
Q

defined as the basic reproduction rate

A

R-naught

49
Q

measles as an r-naught of 15, what does this mean?

A

this tells us how many people, on average, one infected person will spread measles too, so they are likely to spread the disease to 15 others, this is high/

50
Q

the numbers of persons who die of the disease within a specified time divided by the number of infected persons

A

cause fatality rate (CFR)

51
Q

refers to the first patient found in an epidemiological investigation

A

index case

52
Q

how would we describe Covid in terms of CFR and communicability?

A

very communicable but low case fatality rate

53
Q

an infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale

A

endemic

54
Q

a disease with occasional cases reported at irregular intervals in random locales

A

sporadic

55
Q

sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community

A

epidemic

56
Q

the spread of an epidemic across continents is called

ie. AIDS, COVID-19, influenza

A

pandemic

Microbiology Exam 2 (Modules 3-5) (13 decks)

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