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Microbiology Exam 2 (Modules 3-5) > chapter 10 study questions > Flashcards

chapter 10 study questions Flashcards

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1
Q

which type of chemotherapy involves the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms

A

antimicrobial chemotherapy

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2
Q

natural agents used only against bacterial infections

A

antibiotics

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3
Q

three factors that should be considered before beginning antimicrobial therapy are:

A

the nature of the microbe causing infection, its degree of sensitivity to various drugs, and the overall medical condition of the patient

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4
Q

one reason why antimicrobial sensitivity testing would be performed

A

is the pathogen commonly shows resistance to the antibiotic

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5
Q

drug susceptibility testing for fungal infections is generally not performed b/c why

A

antifungals target all fungi

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6
Q

the general term for the use of drugs to control infection is _______.

A

antimicrobial chemotherapy

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7
Q

what is the minimum inhibitory concentration?

A

it is the highest DILUTION of a drug where it visibly inhibits growth of particular microbe

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8
Q

the therapeutic index is the ratio of the _____ dose to the __________ dose that is used to assess the safety and reliability of a drug

A

toxic

therapeutic

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9
Q

true or false

it is essential to perform a drug sensitivity test for all micros

A

false

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10
Q

drugs that are selectively toxic should kill which cells?

A

microbial cells

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11
Q

general mechanisms of antimicrobial drug actions

A

inhibiting protein synthesis
inhibiting nucleic acid structure or function
inhibiting cell wall synthesis
interference of cell membrane structure and function

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12
Q

list two sites in the cell that are not primary sites of action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria

A

mitochondria

golgi body

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13
Q

of which of the following, which antibiotic is an inhibitor of protein synthesis?

a. quinolones
b. isoniazid
c. streptomycin
d. trimethoprim

A

streptomycin

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14
Q

which of the following antibiotics is an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis?

a. polymyxin
b. rifampin
c. penicillin
d. tetracycline

A

penicillin

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15
Q

which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

a. penicillin G
b. erythromycin
c. cloxacillin
d. nafcillin
e. streptomycin

A

nafcillin

cloxacillin

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16
Q

penicillins G and V (penicillins)

A

used to tx gram + cocci, some gram - bacteria

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17
Q

ampicillin, amoxicillin, and carbenicillin (penicillins)

A

broader spectrum of action, semisynthetic, use against gram neg enteric rods

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18
Q

Clavulanic acid

penicillins

A

inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes; added to penicillins to increase effectiveness in presence of penicillinase-producing bacteria

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19
Q

which bacterial enzyme makes a cell wall inhibitor ineffective?

A

penicillinase

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20
Q

which of the following antibiotics is an inhibitor of protein synthesis?

a. tetracycline
b. rifampin
c. penicillin (cell wall)
d. polymyxin (cell membrane)

A

tetracycline

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21
Q

most drugs that inhibit protein synthesis block the action of

A

ribosome

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22
Q

which of the following antibiotics is an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis?

a. streptomycin (inhibit protein synthesis)
b. quinolones (inhibit rep and transcription)
c. trimethoprim (prevent folic acid synthesis in cytoplasm)
d. cephalosporin
d. rifampin (inhibition of RNA polymerase)

A

d. cephalosporin

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23
Q

which of the following antibiotics inhibits translocation of the ribosome subunit during translation?

a. penicillin (blocks cell wall production)
b. erythromycin (protein synth inhibitor on 50S subunit)
c. tetracycline
d. streptomycin

A

erythromycin

not tetra b/c: while it does stop protein synthesis, it blocks attachment of new amino acids, not movement of the ribosome on the mRNA

not strepto: results in abnormal proteins, but does not block production of proteins

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24
Q

by blocking enzymes required for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, _________ interfere with folate metabolism

A

sulfonamides

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25
Q

to treat Pneumocystis infections in _________ patients,

__________ is used in combination with sulfamethoxazole

A

AIDS/HIV

trimethoprim

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26
Q

antibiotics that affect nucleic acid synthesis specifically affect the processes of replication and __________

A

transcription

27
Q

which antibiotic specifically inserts on sites of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes causing the misleading of mRNA and thus inhibit translation?

A

aminoglycosides

28
Q

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are often given in combo because of ___________ effect together

A

synergistic

29
Q

polymyxins work by interacting with what component of the cell membrane causing leakage

A

phospholipids

30
Q

cephalosporins are broad or narrow

A

broad

31
Q

erythromycin inhibits __________ of the ribosomal subunit during translation

A

translocation

32
Q

antibiotic that specifically inserts on the sites of 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribos causing misreading og mRNA and inhibits TRANSLATION

A

aminoglycosides (streptomycin)

33
Q

cephalosporins have the same effect as

A

penicillins

34
Q

used by patients who are allergic to pencillin

A

Aztreonam

35
Q

biofilm bacteria are not affect in the same way as their free-living counterparts because the biofilm bacteria express different

A

genes

36
Q

tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis by blocking attach of _______ on the A receptor site

A

tRNA

37
Q

drugs that are effective against fungi are likely to be toxic to _______ because they are both eukaryotes

A

humans

38
Q

glycylcyclines are newer derivatives of

A

tetracyclines

39
Q

quinine is a drug used to treat

A

protozoal infections; extracted from bark; MALARIA

40
Q

Ivermectin and praziquantel are never drugs used for tx of

A

helminthic infections

41
Q

identify three major modes of action an antiviral drugs

A

preventing virus maturation
barring virus penetration into host cell
blocking virus transcription and translation

42
Q

OG drug used for malaria

A

quinine

43
Q

adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of a drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory is called

A

drug resistance

44
Q

drug resistance arises when

A

an organism gains the genetic info for resistance from another organism

spontaneous mutation occurs in the organisms DNA code

45
Q

bacterial cells described as persisters are resistant to antibiotics b/c they

A

can slow or stop their metabolism in the presence of a drug

46
Q

in some fungi, a small regulatory RNA know as interfering RNA can temporarily silence a gene. When this gene encodes ___________, the fungus is transiently resistant to the antibiotic

A

the target of the antibiotic

47
Q

epigenetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in fungi are

A

reversible

***think interfering RNA: temporary

48
Q

drug resistance genes found on the bacterial chromosome usually result from

A

spontaneous mutation

49
Q

An ______ factor is a type of plasmid that confers antibiotic resistance

A

R

50
Q

horizontal transfer originates from plasmids called resistance R factors that are transferred through

A

conjugation, transformation, or transduction

51
Q

mechanisms of drug resistance

A

new enzymes are synthesized, inactivating the drug

permeability or uptake of the drug into the bacterium is decreased

drug is immediately eliminated (acquisition of new genes)

binding sites for drugs are decreased in number or affinity

an affected metabolic pathway is shut down or an alternative pathway is used

52
Q

a concerning development is the identification of the mcr-1 gene which renders bacteria resistant to the last-resort antibiotic __________

A

polymyxin

53
Q

CRISPR has been used to tx antibiotic-resistant infections by directing specific gene cuts to

A

the antibiotic resistant genes

54
Q

preparations of live microbes used as a preventative or therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens are called

A

probiotics

55
Q

categories of major drug side effects

A

normal flora disruption
toxicity to tissues
allergic reactions

56
Q

mcr-1 gene

A

resistant to polymyxin

BAD- threat

57
Q

bacterial system that can be used to cause very specific cuts is genes is termed

A

CRISPR

58
Q

a drug _____ occurs when a drug acts as an antigen and stimulates an immune response

A

allergy

59
Q

antimicrobial drug damage can be

A

permanent or reversible

60
Q

problems that have led to the worldwide problem of managing antimicrobial drugs

A

shot gun approach by doctors
increase in superinfection
development of resistance in “bystander” microbes

61
Q

t or f

most tissues can be affected by adverse effects caused by use of antimicrobial therapy

A

TRUE

gastro, cardiovascular, nervous, resp, skin, and bones can all be affected

62
Q

the human _____ is the sum total of al microbes found on and in a normal human

A

microbiome

63
Q

some microbes associated with the body that can be rapidly lost, for example when hand washing, are termed

A

transients

Microbiology Exam 2 (Modules 3-5) (13 decks)

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