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Biochem 1 > Chapter 9 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Three roles of lipids

A
  • Form bilayers that make up biological membranes
  • Have hydrocarbons that serve as energy stores
  • Many intra- and intercellular signaling
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2
Q

Lipids are soluble in _______ solvents.

A

Organic

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3
Q

Lipids make:

A
  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Some vitamins
  • Some hormones
  • Nonprotein membrane components
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4
Q

Define fatty acids

A

Carboxylic acids with long- chain hydrocarbon side groups. Most are found in the esterified form.

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5
Q

Lipids ______ polymerize. Stick together due to ________, this __________ it.

A

can’t ; entropy, which increases it.

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6
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A
  • Membrane is not rigid and does not have a fixed orientation.
  • Contains glycoproteins
  • Contains integral proteins
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7
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Membrane protein with oligosaccharides (carbohydrates) attached. On the extracellular side.

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8
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Amino acids on the surface of the membrane with lipids–> hydrophobic –> polar residues. Go all the way through the membrane.

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9
Q

Glycolipid

A

Lipid with carbohydrate attached. Extends into the extracellular area.

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10
Q

Fatty acids will connect to the ______ of the triglycerols.

A

R-group

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11
Q

Saturated Fats

A
  • NO double bonds present, completely reduced (packed with H atoms).
  • This causes them to pack closer together. Less reactive, higher melting point
  • Highly flexible and can assume a large range of conformations
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12
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

Has at least one double bond present. Cis-formation –> causes kink in the chain and multiple unsaturated fats can’t pack close together like saturated fats can. Lower melting point due t the reduced van der Waals forces

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13
Q

Glycerophospholipid head is made of

A

A phosphatic acid head and two fatty acid tails

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14
Q

Why are glycerophospholipids bent?

A
  • Not saturated

- Double bond adds kink, which adds rigidity

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15
Q

How does phospholipase breakdown a lipid?

A

It binds close to the membrane and “chops” off the tail through hydrolyzation. It catalyzes the hydrolytic reactions.

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16
Q

The fluidity of lipids ______ with the increase in degree of unsaturation.

A

Increases

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17
Q

Triacylglycerols (aka triglycerides)

A
  • A lipid in which three fatty acids are esterified to a glycerol backbone.
  • Nonpolar
  • Water insoluble
  • Fatty acid triesters of glycerol
  • Function as energy reservoirs
  • Most ABUNDANT class of lipids
  • Provide more energy than glycogen
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18
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

Long-term energy storage

19
Q

Glycogen

A

Short-term energy storage

20
Q

Glycerophospholipids are a major lipid component of ________.

A

Biological membranes

21
Q

Plasmalogens

A
  • a type of phosphoglyceride.
  • The first carbon of the glycerol has a hydrocarbon chain attached via an ether.
  • Central carbon (C2) has a fatty acid linked by an ester.
  • The third carbon links to an enthanolamine or choline by means of a phosphate ester.
  • Important component of muscles and nerves.
22
Q

Vitamins stay in the membrane except vitamin _____.

A

D

23
Q

The only water soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin C

24
Q

Vitamin essential for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

25
Q

Vitamin important for picking up wavelengths in the eye.

A

Vitamin A

26
Q

Why is only having one tail not go for phospholipid heads?

A
  • They form spheres:
  • Allows water gaps
  • Not good, entropy decreases
  • Allows the cells’ insides (the HYDROPHOBIC REGION) the potential of coming into contact with water
27
Q

If hydropathy is positive

A

hydrophobic

28
Q

If hydropathy is negative

A

hydrophilic

29
Q

Phospholipases do what?

A

Hydrolyze Glycerophospholipids

30
Q

Integral Proteins are ________ membrane associated.

A

Tightly

31
Q

Gangliosides

A
  • Mostly makeup cell-surface membranes

- Make up 6% of brain cell lipids

32
Q
  • Act as specific receptors of certain pituitary glycoprotein hormones ( their complex carbohydrate heads act as the receptors).
  • Receptors of certain bacterial protein toxins
  • Could be specific determinants of cell-cell recognition
A

Gangliosides

33
Q

Gangliosides are important for:

A
  • Cell growth
  • Cell differentiation
  • Carcinogenesis
34
Q

Steroids are _______-fused nonpolar rings.

A

four

35
Q

The most abundant steroid in animals and a big portion of it makes animal plasma membranes.

A

Cholesterol

36
Q

Polar OH group means

A

weak ampihilic nature

37
Q

The four-fused ring system of steroids

A
  • adds a greater rigidity

- can be esterified to long-chain fatty acids

38
Q

Vitamin D is a ________.

A

Steroid

39
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins include

A
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin K
  • Vitamin E
40
Q

Transverse Diffusion

A

The transfer of a lipid across a bilayer. Extremely rare. Requires hydrated, polar head group to pass through the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer

41
Q

Lateral Diffusion

A

The pairwise exchange of neighboring phospholipid molecules in the same bilayer half.

42
Q

Chaotropic Agents

A
  • Disrupt the water structure

- Reduces the hydrophobic effect (which is responsible for stabilizing the association of the protein with the membrane)

43
Q

Beta-barrel structures are

A

antiparallel beta sheets that roll up

44
Q

Porins

A
  • Channel-forming proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
  • Beta-barrels make these.
  • Permit the entry of smaller polar solutes

Biochem 1 (18 decks)

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