Chapter 1 Review

Question 1

Condensation

Answer 1

Removal of H2O

Question 2

Hydration

Answer 2

Addition of H2O

Question 3

What elements are essential for life?

Answer 3

C,H,O,N and also P, Ca, K and S

Question 4

What are the defining characteristics of organisms?

Answer 4

• Complimentary process of replicating and reproducing
• All have cell membranes
• Eukaryotes, bacteria or archaebacteria.
• Oxygen of carboxylic acid is pulling in the NH3+ of the other macromolecule

Question 5

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 5

Law of conservation of energy. Energy can’t be created or destroyed.

Question 6

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 6

Entropy of an isolated system always increases.

Question 7

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 7

Entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero

Question 8

Standard State Conditions of Biological Systems

Answer 8

• Temperature @ 25 degrees Celsius
• Pressure @ 1 atm
• pH @ 7.0

Question 9

-ΔH , +ΔS

Answer 9

• exothermic (enthalpically favored)
• entropically favored
• Spontaneous (exergonic) at all temps

Question 10

-ΔH , -ΔS

Answer 10

• exothermic (enthalpically favored)
• entropically opposed
• Spontaneous only @ temps below T= ΔH / ΔS

Question 11

+ΔH , +ΔS

Answer 11

• enthalpy opposed
• entropically favored
• Only spontaneous @ temps above T = ΔH / ΔS

Question 12

+ΔH , -ΔS

Answer 12

• enthalpy opposed
• entropically opposed.
• Nonspontaneous @ ALL TEMPS!

Question 13

How is delta G related to the equilibrium constant, k?

Answer 13

Most biological processes occur near equilibrium (delta G = 0)and [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b

Question 14

Nucleophile

Answer 14

A molecule or substance that has a tendency to donate e- or react at an e- poor site such as a proton.

Question 15

Colocalizing

Answer 15

Spatial overlap between two or more fluorescent labels, each having a separate emission wavelength.

Question 16

Coulomb’s Law

Answer 16

Like charges repel, and opposite charges attract.

Question 17

Complementary Association

Answer 17

Macromolecules can stick together if they have opposite charges.

Question 18

Two important roles of the cell membrane.

Answer 18

1) separating the inside from the outside ; 2) it increases the level of local concentration by protecting it from reacting with the outside environment. Because the inside concentration is much higher than the concentration outside, the reactions happen much faster.

Question 19

3 Domain System is based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 19

• Eukaryotes
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria

Question 20

Bacteria

Answer 20

• Unicellular
• Small, only about 1 micrometer
• Good and bad variations
• Problem: antibiotics kill both kinds

Question 21

Archaebacteria

Answer 21

• Unicellular, 1 micrometer.

- Live in extreme environments.

Question 22

Eukaryotes

Answer 22

• Unicellular or multicellular
• cells vary in size form about 10-100 micro meters
• Plants, Fungi, Animals, etc.

Question 23

ΔU = q + w

Answer 23

ΔU is the chemical internal energy
q is the Heat Exchange
w is work.

Question 24

During spontaneous processes, entropy is

Answer 24

increasing

Question 25

If you want biological processes to go forward, ΔG________.

Answer 25

CANNOT BE 0!

Question 26

Biology controls reactions by keeping reactions close to _____.

Answer 26

0

Question 27

Van’t Hoff Plot

Answer 27

ln Keq (y-axis) vs. 1/T (x-axis)
Slope : -ΔH/R
Intercept: ΔS/R