Chapter 1 Review Flashcards
Condensation
Removal of H2O
Hydration
Addition of H2O
What elements are essential for life?
C,H,O,N and also P, Ca, K and S
What are the defining characteristics of organisms?
- Complimentary process of replicating and reproducing
- All have cell membranes
- Eukaryotes, bacteria or archaebacteria.
- Oxygen of carboxylic acid is pulling in the NH3+ of the other macromolecule
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Law of conservation of energy. Energy can’t be created or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3rd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero
Standard State Conditions of Biological Systems
- Temperature @ 25 degrees Celsius
- Pressure @ 1 atm
- pH @ 7.0
-ΔH , +ΔS
- exothermic (enthalpically favored)
- entropically favored
- Spontaneous (exergonic) at all temps
-ΔH , -ΔS
- exothermic (enthalpically favored)
- entropically opposed
- Spontaneous only @ temps below T= ΔH / ΔS
+ΔH , +ΔS
- enthalpy opposed
- entropically favored
- Only spontaneous @ temps above T = ΔH / ΔS
+ΔH , -ΔS
- enthalpy opposed
- entropically opposed.
- Nonspontaneous @ ALL TEMPS!
How is delta G related to the equilibrium constant, k?
Most biological processes occur near equilibrium (delta G = 0)and [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b
Nucleophile
A molecule or substance that has a tendency to donate e- or react at an e- poor site such as a proton.
Colocalizing
Spatial overlap between two or more fluorescent labels, each having a separate emission wavelength.
Coulomb’s Law
Like charges repel, and opposite charges attract.
Complementary Association
Macromolecules can stick together if they have opposite charges.
Two important roles of the cell membrane.
1) separating the inside from the outside ; 2) it increases the level of local concentration by protecting it from reacting with the outside environment. Because the inside concentration is much higher than the concentration outside, the reactions happen much faster.
3 Domain System is based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Eukaryotes
- Eubacteria
- Archaebacteria
Bacteria
- Unicellular
- Small, only about 1 micrometer
- Good and bad variations
- Problem: antibiotics kill both kinds
Archaebacteria
- Unicellular, 1 micrometer.
- Live in extreme environments.
Eukaryotes
- Unicellular or multicellular
- cells vary in size form about 10-100 micro meters
- Plants, Fungi, Animals, etc.
ΔU = q + w
ΔU is the chemical internal energy
q is the Heat Exchange
w is work.
During spontaneous processes, entropy is
increasing
If you want biological processes to go forward, ΔG________.
CANNOT BE 0!
Biology controls reactions by keeping reactions close to _____.
0
Van’t Hoff Plot
ln Keq (y-axis) vs. 1/T (x-axis)
Slope : -ΔH/R
Intercept: ΔS/R
