Chapter 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
respiratory system
A
brings oxygen from air into body for delivery to cells -> picks up CO2 and breathes out
2
Q
respiration
A
diffusion of gases (O and CO2) between atmosphere (external respiration) and body cells (internal respiration)
3
Q
ventilation
A
breathing
4
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
= open to the ouside
5
Q
lower respiratory system
A
trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
6
Q
nas/o
rhin/o
A
nose
7
Q
nares
A
nostrils
8
Q
endotherms
A
warm-blooded animals
9
Q
nasal turbinates
A
AKA conchae, scroll-like cartilages covered in mucous membranes that separate nasal cavity into dorsal/ventral passages - in endotherms
warm, humidity, and filter air
10
Q
meatus
A
nasal passages
meat/o = passageway
11
Q
nasogastric tube
A
nose -> stomach
in ventral nasal meatus
12
Q
vestibule
A
rostral part of nostrils and nasal cavity
13
Q
sept/o
A
partition
(nasal septum = cartilage that divides nose)
14
Q
mucous membrane
A
epithelial tissue that secrets mucus
15
Q
cilia
A
thin hairs inside nostrils
16
Q
olfactory receptors
A
sense of smell
17
Q
olfact/o
A
smell
18
Q
tonsils
A
lymphatic tissue protecting nasal cavity and upper throat
tonsill/o
19
Q
sinus
A
air-filled or fluid-filled space in bone
provide mucous, make bone lighter, and help produce sound
sinus/o
20
Q
pharynx
A
AKA throat, passageway from upper respiratory -> GIT
pharyng/o
21
Q
frontal sinus
A
dorsal part of skull
22
Q
maxillary sinus
A
maxilla with nasal cavity on each side
23
Q
sphenoid sinus
A
cat, cow, horse, pids
spenoid bone
24
Q
palatine sinus
A
cow, horse
palatine bone
25
lacrimal sinus
cow, pig
lacrimal bone
26
conchal sinus
pig, cow, horse
enclosure of conchae
27
nasopharynx
portion of throat posterior to nasal cavity + dorsal to soft palate
passageway for air entering nose
28
oropharynx
portion of throat b/w soft palate + epiglottis
passageway for air entering mouth
29
laryngopharynx
portion of throat dorsal to larynx, opens into voice box + esophagus
passageway for food entering mouth
30
soft palate
moves dorsal and caudal during swallowing to close off nasopharynx to stop food from going into nasal cavity
31
epiglottis
lid that covers larynx during swallowing
+ also covers trachea so food doesn't get into lungs
epiglott/o
32
larynx
b/w pharynx and trachea, AKA voice box
contains vocal cords (paired membranous bands)
laryng/o
33
glottis
vocal apparatus found here
space b/w vocal cords, air passing through causes vibrations
glott/o
* 'syrinx' in avians
34
trachea
AKA wind pipe, helps esophagus expand for easier swallowing
air passes from larynx -> trachea -> which extends into thorax through thoracic inlet
trache/o
35
bronchi/bronchus
distal end of trachea divides into 2 branches ('trachial bifurcation') called bronchi
each bronchus leads to separate lung, continues to divide like a tree ('bronchial tree')
bronch/o
36
principal/primary bronchus
bronchus leading to a lung (L and R)
2. secondary bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi/segmental bronchi
37
bronchioles/bronchiolus
tertiary bronchi
-ole = small
bronchiol/o
38
alveoli
air sacs where gas exchange occurs
39
alveolus
'small hollow thing', grapelike cluster at end of each bronchiole
alveol/o
40
surfactant
liquid that reduces alveolar surface tension (prevents collapse of alveoli during expiration)
41
thorac/o
chest cavity
42
lobes
divisons of lungs
lob/o
43
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulm/o
pulmon/o
lung
pneu = air
44
parenchyma
functional elements of an organ (as opposed to stroma = framework)
45
mediastinum
region between lungs
46
pleura/pleurae
membranous sac encasing each lung
pleur/o
47
parietal pleura
outer layer of membrane lining inner wall of thoracic cavity
48
visceral pleura
inner layer of membrane outside lung
49
pleural space
between parietal and visceral pleura, contains pleural fluid that prevents friction
50
diaphragm
separates thoracic and peritoneal cavities, muscle that contracts and makes a vacuum in thoracic cavity to draw air in, relaxes and air is forced out
dia = across
phragm/o = wall
diaphragmat/o
phren/o
51
diaphragmatic hernia
displacement of organs through diaphragm
52
spir/o
breath
53
-pnea
breathing
54
apnea
absence of breathing
55
dyspnea
difficult breathing
56
bradypnea
slow breathing
57
tachypnea
rapid breathing
58
hyperpnea
increase in rate and depth of breath
59
hypopnea
slow/shallow breath
60
hyperventillation
rapid breathing causing decreased CO2 in cells
61
agonal breathing
breath near death or during extreme suffering
62
ox/o
oxy/o
oxi/o
oxygen
63
capn/o
CO2
64
hypercapnia
excessive CO2 in blood
65
hypocapnia
decrease in CO2 in blood
66
respiratory acidosis
too much CO2 in blood from decreased ventilation, lowers blood pH
67
respiratory alkalosis
low CO2 from increased ventilation
68
metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
changes in blood pH from metabolic factors (vomiting, renal disease)
69
tidal volume
amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled + exhaled in one breath)
70
inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air
amount of air inspired over tidal volume (extra)
71
expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air
amount of air expired over tidal volume (extra left in lungs)
72
residual volume
air remaining trapped in alveoli after expiring
73
dead space
air in the pathway not currently participating in jas exchange
74
minimal volume
amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses
75
vital capacity
largest amount of air lung can take (tidal + inspiratory and expiratory reserves)
76
arterial blood gases
pressure levels of O and CO2 measured in arterial blood
77
auscultation
act of listening (using stethoscope)
78
adventitious sounds
pathological respiratory sounds
79
bubbling
sound that suggests fluid accumulation
80
crepitation/rales/crackles
cracking noise from collapsed of fluid-filled lung
81
decreased lung sounds
less/no sound of air movement
consolidation = lung tissue becomes firm from accumulating fluid and debris
82
respiratory rate
respirations per minute (inhale + exhale = single respiration)
83
rhonchi
wheezing sounds
84
stridor
snoring/squeaking suggesting narrow airway
85
vesticular sounds
sounds from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli
86
bronchoalveolar lavage
collection of fluid or mucus from bronchi or alveoli from endoscope
87
bronchoscopy
looking at bronchus with bronchoscope
88
laryngoscopy
looking at larynx with laryngoscope
89
percussion
determine density by tapping
90
phlegm
thick respiratory mucus
sputum = in lower respiratory tract
91
radiography
image of internal structures by exposing film to x-ray
(ultrasound does NOT work for respiratory, can't pass through gas)
92
spirometer
instrument that measures air taken in and out of lungs
93
sputum culture
mucus from lower RT collected and allow microbes to reproduce
94
thoracocentesis
puncture of chest wall to obtain pleural fluid
95
tracheal wash
collection of fluid from trachea via tube
96
transtracheal wash
collecting fluid from trachea via catheter
97
trephination
hole-boring instrument inserted into sinus to drain fluid or access teeth roots
98
anoxia
absence of oxygen
99
aspiration
inhaling foreign substance
100
atelectasis
incomplete alveoli expansion
101
bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchi
102
sequela
condition as a consequence of a disease
103
bronchitis
bronchi inflammation
104
bronchopneumonia
abnormal condition of bronchi + lung
105
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
expiration slowed, in equine species
106
emphysema
chronic lung disease from alveoli enlargement
107
epistaxis
nosebleed
108
equine laryngeal hemiplegia
abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise due to atrophy of layngeal muscles or nerve, AKA roaring
-plegia = paralysis
109
hemoptysis
spitting blood from lower RT
110
hemothorax
accumulation of blood in chest
111
larynoplegia
paralysis of voice box
112
phonation
act of producing sound
113
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in pleural space
114
effusion
fluid escaping from blood into tissues
115
pleurisy
inflammation of pleura
116
pleuropneumonia
abnormal condition of pleura + lung
117
interstitial pneumonia
increased fluid between alveoli, decrease lung function
118
penumothorax
accumulation of gas in chest
119
polyp
growth protruding from mucous membrane
120
pulmonary fibrosis
fibers in alveolar walls
121
pulmonary edema
fluid in lung tissue
122
pyothorax
pus in chest
123
exudate
high-protein fluid
124
rhinits
inflammation of nasal mucous membranes
125
rhinopneumonitis
nasal mucous membranes + lung inflammation
126
rhinorrhea
nasal discharge
127
sinusitis
sinus inflammation
128
snuffles
upper RT disease of rabbits
129
stenotic nares
narrowed nostrils
130
tuss/i
cough
131
paroxysmal
spasmlike/sudden
132
mucolytics
substances sued to break down mucus
133
antitussives
substances to help with coughing
134
endotracheal intubation
tube into trachea that gives patent (open) airway to administer anesthetics
135
pharyngostomy
opening in throat
136
pneumonectomy
removal of lung tissue
