Chapter 19 - Equines Flashcards
1
Q
amble
A
pace slow, cadence broken
2
Q
barrel racing
A
horses race
against a timer to complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels.
3
Q
beat
A
time when foot touches ground
4
Q
canter
A
slow three-beat gait
5
Q
dressage
A
method of riding in which a rider guides (rather than uses hands,feet, or legs) a trained horse through natural maneuvers.
6
Q
English
A
method of riding in a saddle without a horn; the rider rises and sits in rhythm with each stride, and the rider uses both hands on the reins.
7
Q
equitation
A
act and practice of horseriding
8
Q
fox trot
A
slow, short, broken type of gait in which the head usually nods.
9
Q
gait
A
pattern of footfalls resulting in movement. There are natural gaits that animals instinctively perform and artificial gaits which animals need to learn.
10
Q
gallop
A
fast four-beat gait in which the feet strike the ground separately
AKA run
11
Q
gymkhana
A
racing events on horseback
12
Q
jog
A
slow trot
13
Q
pace
A
fast two-beat gait in which the front
and hind feet on the same side start and stop at
the same time.
14
Q
pointing
A
stride in which extension is more pronounced than flexion.
15
Q
rack
A
fast, flashy unnatural four-beat gait in which each foot meets the ground separately at equal intervals; also called single-foot
16
Q
rolling
A
excessive side-to-side shoulder motion.
17
Q
running walk
A
slow four-beat gait intermediate in speed between a walk and rack
18
Q
swing
A
non–weight-bearing phase of a stride.
19
Q
trappy
A
short, quick, choppy stride
20
Q
trot
A
natural, rapid two-beat diagonal gait in which the front foot and the opposite hind foot take off and hit the ground at the same time.
21
Q
walk
A
natural, slow flat-footed four-beat gait in which each foot takes off and strikes the ground at separate intervals.
22
Q
Western
A
method of riding in which the stirrup length is long, the rider rides in an upright posture, and the rider has a one-handed hold on the reins.
23
Q
bad mouth
A
malocclusion in which the top and bottom teeth do not meet
24
Q
bag up
A
development of mammary glands or udder
25
bars
support structure that angles forward from the hoof wall to keep it from overexpanding
26
bay
coat color that is light brown to reddish- brown with a black mane, tail, and legs.
27
bishoping
artificial altering of teeth of an older horse to sell it as a younger horse.
28
buckskin
coat color that is dark golden color with a black mane, tail, and legs.
29
check ligament
one of two ligaments to the digital flexors of equine; maintains the limbs in extended position during standing.
30
chestnut
horny growths on the medial surface of the equine leg either above the knee in the front limb or toward the caudal area of the hock in the rear limb
31
croup
top of rump
32
cups
deep indentations of the incisors in the center of the occlusal surface in young permanent teeth.
33
curb
enlargement on the caudal aspect of the hind leg below the hock.
34
dental stars
marks on the occlusal surface of the incisor teeth appearing first as narrow, yellow lines, then as dark circles near the center of the tooth.
35
dun
coat color that is brownish golden color with the same colored or slightly darker mane; often has a darker stripe down the back and may have striping on the medial surface of the legs.
36
feather
long hair below the knee (front limb) and hock (rear limb) that may cover the hoof in some breeds.
37
flehmen reaction
response of a stallion to the scent of a female horse’s urine in which he extends his head and curls his upper lip
38
foal heat
first estrus that occurs shortly after parturition (usually not fertile)
39
full-mouthed
having all of the permanent teeth and cups present.
40
Galvayne's groove
mark on labial surface of the equine tooth; used to deter- mine age; usually appears around 10 years of age
41
guttural pouch
large, air- filled ventral outpouching of the eustachian tube in equine
42
hind gut
collective term for the cecum, small colon, and large colon.
43
in wear
condition in which a tooth has risen to the masticatory level; when opposing teeth have reached sufficient height above the gum line to grind against one another.
44
lamina
tissue that attaches hoof
to the underlying foot structures.
45
laminitis
inflammation of the sensitive laminae under the horny wall of the hoof; a sequela of laminitis is founder
46
milk teeth
first teeth that develop
47
monkey mouth
condition in which the mandible is longer than the maxilla, causing the lower incisors to protrude beyond the upper incisors
48
nippers
central incisors of equine; also a tool to remove excess hoof wall.
49
overo
marking pattern for Paint or pinto horses that are irregular and scattered across the body; the markings usually have uneven edges, with one or more legs often dark.
50
parrot mouth
condition in which the maxilla is longer than the mandible, causing the upper incisors to protrude beyond the lower incisors
51
pariople
varnishlike coating that holds moisture in the hoof and protects the hoof wall.
52
pinto
coat pattern of white and any other color in large patches.
53
quittor
festering of the foot anywhere along the border of the coronet.
54
roan
coat color with intermixed solid- colored hairs and white hairs. A red or strawberry roan is a combination of chestnut and white hairs; a blue roan is a combination of black and white hairs.
55
scratches
low-grade infection or scab in the skin follicles around the fetlock; also called grease heel.
56
smooth mouth
condition in which no cups are present in the permanent teeth.
57
stay apparatus
anatomical mechanism of the equine limb that allows the animal to stand with little muscular effort
58
stock type
muscular body type that is consistent with that desired for working on a ranch; a Quarter Horse body type is a stock type.
59
tobiano
color pattern for Paint or pinto horses that has large, instead of scattered, patches. The ends of the pattern tend to be uniform and white often crosses over the back.
60
tush
canine tooth in a horse (usually found only in males).
61
waxed teats
accumulation of sticky, clear to yellow-colored dried milk at the nipple openings that may occur before parturition.
62
winking
opening of the labia to expose the clitoris while the female assumes a mating position.
63
wolf teeth
rudimentary first upper premolars in equine that are usually shed in maturity.
64
ankle
white marking from the coronet to the fetlock on a horse’s leg; also called sock.
65
bald face
wide white marking that extends beyond both eyes and nostrils; also called apron.
66
banding
style of mane that is sectioned and fastened with rubber bands; seen in Western show horses.
67
blaze
broad white stripe on the face of a horse.
68
coronet
white marking covering the coronary band on a horse’s leg.
69
distal spots
dark circles on a white coronet band.
70
half heel
white marking on the
medial or lateral aspect of the caudal region of the
hoof.
71
half pastern
white marking from the coronet to the middle of the pastern on a horse’s leg.
72
half stocking
white marking from the coronet to the middle of the cannon.
73
heel
white marking across entire heel
74
pastern
white marking from the
coronet to the pastern on the horse’s leg.
75
points
black coloration from the knees and hocks down in bays and browns (may include the ear tips).
76
race
long wave or irregular stripe down a horse’s face.
77
snip
small white marking on a horse’s muzzle.
78
spot
small white marking on a horse’s face.
79
star
white mark, often in a diamond shape, found between the eyes on the face of the horse.
80
stocking/full stocking
white marking from the coronet to the knee.
81
stripe
long, straight marking down a horse’s nose; sometimes called strip.
82
aids
means by which a rider communi- cates with a horse (e.g., voice, hands, legs, seat).
83
bit
part of the bridle that is put in the horse’s mouth to control the animal.
84
curb bit
have a shank extending from the mouthpiece
to the reins (creates leverage when pressure is applied to the bit through the reins)
85
snaffle bits
have reins that connect directly to a ring attached to the mouthpiece of the bit (the direct connection does not provide leverage such as that with the curb bit).
86
breeching
part of a harness that passes around the rump of a harnessed horse.
87
bridle
part of a harness that includes the bit, reins, and headstall
88
calks
grips on the heels and the outside of the front shoes of horses.
89
cinch
part of a saddle used to hold it onto the horse; placed around the girth area.
90
clinch cutter
tool used to remove horseshoes.
91
cradle
device used to prevent an animal from licking or biting an injured area.
92
halter
device used to lead and tie a horse; also called a head collar
93
hobble
type of restraint in which the front feet or hind feet are placed in straps to keep them from moving.
94
hoof pick
instrument used to clean the sole, frog, and hoof wall.
95
hoof testers
instrument used to test sensitivity in the equine foot.
96
pincher
tool used to remove horse- shoes; pincers are also central incisors.
97
puller
tool used to remove worn horseshoes.
98
rasp
tool used for leveling a horse’s foot
99
reins
strap extending from the bit to the rider’s hand.
100
scotch hobble
type of restraint in which all four feet are tied in an X pattern to keep them from moving or kicking.
101
shoe
plate or rim of metal nailed to the palmar or plantar surface of an equine hoof to protect the hoof from injury or to aid in hoof disease management.
102
tack
equipment used in riding and driv- ing horses.
103
throatlatch
bridle part that connects the bridle to the head located under the horse’s throat; also area under throat where the head and neck are joined and where the harness throatlatch fits
104
as-fed basis
amount of nutrients in a diet expressed in the form in which it is fed.
105
birth date
for racing or showing, a foal’s birthday is considered January 1 regardless of the actual month it was born.
106
blistering
application of an irritating substance to treat a blemish.
107
bolt
to eat rapidly or to startle.
108
bowline knot
type of nonslippable knot.
109
cast
to be caught in a recumbent posi- tion and unable to rise.
110
casting
restraint method using ropes to place animals in lateral recumbency.
111
cross-tying
method of using two ropes to secure a horse so that the head is level.
112
diluter
type of fluid used to increase the volume of semen (thus diluting the sample).
113
driving
harnessing and controlling horses from behind.
114
dry matter basis
method of expressing concentration of a nutrient based on absence of water in the feed.
115
extender
additive used to extend the lifespan of sperm cells.
116
farrier
person who cares for equine feet, including trimming and shoeing.
117
feathering
fringe of hair around an equine foot just above the hoof; also used to describe the fringe of hair on caudal aspects of canine limbs.
118
firing
making a series of skin blis- ters with a hot needle over an area of lameness.
119
get
sire’s offspring.
120
grade
animal that is not registered with
a specific breed registry.
121
hand
unit used to measure height of an equine at the withers; equal to 4 inches.
122
heaving
extra contraction of the flank muscles during respiration; caused by loss of lung elasticity.
123
hunters
horses that are judged while jumping fences or chasing fox.
124
jumpers
horses that compete at shows by jumping and are judged on height, time, and faults.
125
lather
accumulation of sweat on a horse’s body.
126
leg cues
signals given to the horse through movement of the rider’s legs.
127
longe
act of exercising a horse on the end of a long rope, usually in a circle
128
near side
left side of horse.
129
off side
right side of horse
130
pasture mating
natural
breeding; also called natural cover.
131
plumb line
line formed when a weight
is placed on the end of a string to measure the perpendicularity of something (used to detect straightness of a horse leg).
132
settle
to breed successfully; said of a mare when she becomes pregnant.
133
shod
equine with horseshoes.
134
strike
defensive or aggressive movement of a horse in which the front leg is moved quickly
and cranially.
135
stock
device used to restrain equine by
inhibiting movement and confining the animal’s
body
136
teaser
stallion used to determine which
mares are in heat (estrus).
137
twitch
mode of restraint in which a
device is twisted on the upper lip or muzzle
138
waxing
accumulation of colostrum on the nipples of mares usually before foaling; also called waxed teats.
139
draft horse
large breed of working horse (usually over 17 hands) Examples of draft horses include Belgian, Clydesdale, Percheron, and Shire.
140
light horse
breed of horse that is intermediate in size and stature (usually greater than
14.2 hands) Examples of light horses include Paint, Quarter Horse, Saddlebred
141
pony of Americas
breed of pony (usually
between 11.5 and 14 hands) that originated from a cross between a Shetland pony stallion and an Arab/Appaloosa mare.
142
bog spavin
enlargement of proximal hock caused by distention of the joint capsule; spavin means swelling.
143
bone spavin
bony enlargement at the base and medial surface of the hock.
144
bowed tendons
thickening of the caudal surface of the leg proximal to the fetlock.
145
capped hock
thickening of the skin or large callus at the point of the hock.
146
fistulous withers
inflammation of the withers.
147
grease heel/scratches
infection or scab in the skin around the fetlock
148
osselets
soft swellings on the cranial (and sometimes sides) of the fetlock joint.
149
poll evil
fistula on the poll that does not heal easily.
150
quarter/toe/heel crack
cracks in quarters, toe, or heel, respectively, of hoof wall caused by poor management.
151
ringbone
bony enlargement on the pastern bones; high ringbone occurs at the pastern joint; low ringbone occurs at the coffin joint.
152
splints
inflammation of the interosseous ligament that holds the splint bones to the cannon bone.
153
stifled
displaced patella
154
sweeney
atrophy of shoulder muscle
155
thoroughpin
fluctuating enlargement located in the hollows proximal to the hock
156
equine encephalomyelitis
mosquito-transmitted infectious alphaviral disease of horses that is associated with motor irritation, paralysis, and altered con- sciousness; there are three types: Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE); also known as sleeping sickness.
157
equine influenza
myxovirus infection of horses that is associated with mild fever, watery eyes, and persistent cough; com- monly called flu.
158
equine protozoal myelitis
protozoal infection caused by Sarcocystis neu- rona (and perhaps other protozoa) that causes weakness, ataxia (especially in the hindquar- ters), weight loss, seizures, and other CNS signs; abbreviated EPM.
159
equine viral arteritis
togavirus infection of horses that is associated with upper respiratory disease signs, abortion, and lesions in small arteries; abbreviated EVA.
160
equine viral rhinopneumonitis
herpesvirus infection of horses that is associated with signs of upper respiratory disease and abortion; abbreviated EVR; also called equine herpesvirus.
161
potomac horse fever
rickettsial bacterial disease of horses that is associated with fever, anorexia, incoordination, diarrhea, and edema of the extremities; abbreviated PHF; also called equine ehrlichiosis
162
rabies virus
fatal zoonotic rhabdovirus infection of all warm-blooded animals that causes neurologic signs; transmitted by a bite or infected body fluid; abbreviated RV.
163
strangles
contagious bacterial disease of horses caused by the bacteria Streptococcus equi; signs include high fever, nasal discharge, anorexia, and swollen and abscessed mandibular lymph nodes
164
tetanus
highly fatal bacterial disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani that is associated with hyperesthesia, tetany, and convulsions; also called lockjaw.
165
West Nile virus
mosquito-borne viral encepha- litis that entered the United States (probably from the Middle East) in 1999. Affected horses may exhibit ataxia, paralysis, depression, head pressing, head tilt, seizures, and death; abbreviated WNV.
