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Terminology > Chapter 19 - Equines > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Equines Flashcards

1
Q

amble

A

pace slow, cadence broken

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2
Q

barrel racing

A

horses race
against a timer to complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels.

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3
Q

beat

A

time when foot touches ground

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4
Q

canter

A

slow three-beat gait

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5
Q

dressage

A

method of riding in which a rider guides (rather than uses hands,feet, or legs) a trained horse through natural maneuvers.

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6
Q

English

A

method of riding in a saddle without a horn; the rider rises and sits in rhythm with each stride, and the rider uses both hands on the reins.

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7
Q

equitation

A

act and practice of horseriding

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8
Q

fox trot

A

slow, short, broken type of gait in which the head usually nods.

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9
Q

gait

A

pattern of footfalls resulting in movement. There are natural gaits that animals instinctively perform and artificial gaits which animals need to learn.

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10
Q

gallop

A

fast four-beat gait in which the feet strike the ground separately

AKA run

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11
Q

gymkhana

A

racing events on horseback

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12
Q

jog

A

slow trot

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13
Q

pace

A

fast two-beat gait in which the front
and hind feet on the same side start and stop at
the same time.

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14
Q

pointing

A

stride in which extension is more pronounced than flexion.

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15
Q

rack

A

fast, flashy unnatural four-beat gait in which each foot meets the ground separately at equal intervals; also called single-foot

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16
Q

rolling

A

excessive side-to-side shoulder motion.

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17
Q

running walk

A

slow four-beat gait intermediate in speed between a walk and rack

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18
Q

swing

A

non–weight-bearing phase of a stride.

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19
Q

trappy

A

short, quick, choppy stride

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20
Q

trot

A

natural, rapid two-beat diagonal gait in which the front foot and the opposite hind foot take off and hit the ground at the same time.

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21
Q

walk

A

natural, slow flat-footed four-beat gait in which each foot takes off and strikes the ground at separate intervals.

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22
Q

Western

A

method of riding in which the stirrup length is long, the rider rides in an upright posture, and the rider has a one-handed hold on the reins.

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23
Q

bad mouth

A

malocclusion in which the top and bottom teeth do not meet

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24
Q

bag up

A

development of mammary glands or udder

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25
Q

bars

A

support structure that angles forward from the hoof wall to keep it from overexpanding

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26
Q

bay

A

coat color that is light brown to reddish- brown with a black mane, tail, and legs.

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27
Q

bishoping

A

artificial altering of teeth of an older horse to sell it as a younger horse.

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28
Q

buckskin

A

coat color that is dark golden color with a black mane, tail, and legs.

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29
Q

check ligament

A

one of two ligaments to the digital flexors of equine; maintains the limbs in extended position during standing.

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30
Q

chestnut

A

horny growths on the medial surface of the equine leg either above the knee in the front limb or toward the caudal area of the hock in the rear limb

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31
Q

croup

A

top of rump

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32
Q

cups

A

deep indentations of the incisors in the center of the occlusal surface in young permanent teeth.

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33
Q

curb

A

enlargement on the caudal aspect of the hind leg below the hock.

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34
Q

dental stars

A

marks on the occlusal surface of the incisor teeth appearing first as narrow, yellow lines, then as dark circles near the center of the tooth.

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35
Q

dun

A

coat color that is brownish golden color with the same colored or slightly darker mane; often has a darker stripe down the back and may have striping on the medial surface of the legs.

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36
Q

feather

A

long hair below the knee (front limb) and hock (rear limb) that may cover the hoof in some breeds.

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37
Q

flehmen reaction

A

response of a stallion to the scent of a female horse’s urine in which he extends his head and curls his upper lip

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38
Q

foal heat

A

first estrus that occurs shortly after parturition (usually not fertile)

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39
Q

full-mouthed

A

having all of the permanent teeth and cups present.

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40
Q

Galvayne’s groove

A

mark on labial surface of the equine tooth; used to deter- mine age; usually appears around 10 years of age

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41
Q

guttural pouch

A

large, air- filled ventral outpouching of the eustachian tube in equine

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42
Q

hind gut

A

collective term for the cecum, small colon, and large colon.

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43
Q

in wear

A

condition in which a tooth has risen to the masticatory level; when opposing teeth have reached sufficient height above the gum line to grind against one another.

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44
Q

lamina

A

tissue that attaches hoof
to the underlying foot structures.

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45
Q

laminitis

A

inflammation of the sensitive laminae under the horny wall of the hoof; a sequela of laminitis is founder

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46
Q

milk teeth

A

first teeth that develop

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47
Q

monkey mouth

A

condition in which the mandible is longer than the maxilla, causing the lower incisors to protrude beyond the upper incisors

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48
Q

nippers

A

central incisors of equine; also a tool to remove excess hoof wall.

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49
Q

overo

A

marking pattern for Paint or pinto horses that are irregular and scattered across the body; the markings usually have uneven edges, with one or more legs often dark.

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50
Q

parrot mouth

A

condition in which the maxilla is longer than the mandible, causing the upper incisors to protrude beyond the lower incisors

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51
Q

pariople

A

varnishlike coating that holds moisture in the hoof and protects the hoof wall.

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52
Q

pinto

A

coat pattern of white and any other color in large patches.

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53
Q

quittor

A

festering of the foot anywhere along the border of the coronet.

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54
Q

roan

A

coat color with intermixed solid- colored hairs and white hairs. A red or strawberry roan is a combination of chestnut and white hairs; a blue roan is a combination of black and white hairs.

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55
Q

scratches

A

low-grade infection or scab in the skin follicles around the fetlock; also called grease heel.

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56
Q

smooth mouth

A

condition in which no cups are present in the permanent teeth.

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57
Q

stay apparatus

A

anatomical mechanism of the equine limb that allows the animal to stand with little muscular effort

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58
Q

stock type

A

muscular body type that is consistent with that desired for working on a ranch; a Quarter Horse body type is a stock type.

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59
Q

tobiano

A

color pattern for Paint or pinto horses that has large, instead of scattered, patches. The ends of the pattern tend to be uniform and white often crosses over the back.

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60
Q

tush

A

canine tooth in a horse (usually found only in males).

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61
Q

waxed teats

A

accumulation of sticky, clear to yellow-colored dried milk at the nipple openings that may occur before parturition.

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62
Q

winking

A

opening of the labia to expose the clitoris while the female assumes a mating position.

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63
Q

wolf teeth

A

rudimentary first upper premolars in equine that are usually shed in maturity.

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64
Q

ankle

A

white marking from the coronet to the fetlock on a horse’s leg; also called sock.

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65
Q

bald face

A

wide white marking that extends beyond both eyes and nostrils; also called apron.

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66
Q

banding

A

style of mane that is sectioned and fastened with rubber bands; seen in Western show horses.

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67
Q

blaze

A

broad white stripe on the face of a horse.

68
Q

coronet

A

white marking covering the coronary band on a horse’s leg.

69
Q

distal spots

A

dark circles on a white coronet band.

70
Q

half heel

A

white marking on the
medial or lateral aspect of the caudal region of the
hoof.

71
Q

half pastern

A

white marking from the coronet to the middle of the pastern on a horse’s leg.

72
Q

half stocking

A

white marking from the coronet to the middle of the cannon.

73
Q

heel

A

white marking across entire heel

74
Q

pastern

A

white marking from the
coronet to the pastern on the horse’s leg.

75
Q

points

A

black coloration from the knees and hocks down in bays and browns (may include the ear tips).

76
Q

race

A

long wave or irregular stripe down a horse’s face.

77
Q

snip

A

small white marking on a horse’s muzzle.

78
Q

spot

A

small white marking on a horse’s face.

79
Q

star

A

white mark, often in a diamond shape, found between the eyes on the face of the horse.

80
Q

stocking/full stocking

A

white marking from the coronet to the knee.

81
Q

stripe

A

long, straight marking down a horse’s nose; sometimes called strip.

82
Q

aids

A

means by which a rider communi- cates with a horse (e.g., voice, hands, legs, seat).

83
Q

bit

A

part of the bridle that is put in the horse’s mouth to control the animal.

84
Q

curb bit

A

have a shank extending from the mouthpiece
to the reins (creates leverage when pressure is applied to the bit through the reins)

85
Q

snaffle bits

A

have reins that connect directly to a ring attached to the mouthpiece of the bit (the direct connection does not provide leverage such as that with the curb bit).

86
Q

breeching

A

part of a harness that passes around the rump of a harnessed horse.

87
Q

bridle

A

part of a harness that includes the bit, reins, and headstall

88
Q

calks

A

grips on the heels and the outside of the front shoes of horses.

89
Q

cinch

A

part of a saddle used to hold it onto the horse; placed around the girth area.

90
Q

clinch cutter

A

tool used to remove horseshoes.

91
Q

cradle

A

device used to prevent an animal from licking or biting an injured area.

92
Q

halter

A

device used to lead and tie a horse; also called a head collar

93
Q

hobble

A

type of restraint in which the front feet or hind feet are placed in straps to keep them from moving.

94
Q

hoof pick

A

instrument used to clean the sole, frog, and hoof wall.

95
Q

hoof testers

A

instrument used to test sensitivity in the equine foot.

96
Q

pincher

A

tool used to remove horse- shoes; pincers are also central incisors.

97
Q

puller

A

tool used to remove worn horseshoes.

98
Q

rasp

A

tool used for leveling a horse’s foot

99
Q

reins

A

strap extending from the bit to the rider’s hand.

100
Q

scotch hobble

A

type of restraint in which all four feet are tied in an X pattern to keep them from moving or kicking.

101
Q

shoe

A

plate or rim of metal nailed to the palmar or plantar surface of an equine hoof to protect the hoof from injury or to aid in hoof disease management.

102
Q

tack

A

equipment used in riding and driv- ing horses.

103
Q

throatlatch

A

bridle part that connects the bridle to the head located under the horse’s throat; also area under throat where the head and neck are joined and where the harness throatlatch fits

104
Q

as-fed basis

A

amount of nutrients in a diet expressed in the form in which it is fed.

105
Q

birth date

A

for racing or showing, a foal’s birthday is considered January 1 regardless of the actual month it was born.

106
Q

blistering

A

application of an irritating substance to treat a blemish.

107
Q

bolt

A

to eat rapidly or to startle.

108
Q

bowline knot

A

type of nonslippable knot.

109
Q

cast

A

to be caught in a recumbent posi- tion and unable to rise.

110
Q

casting

A

restraint method using ropes to place animals in lateral recumbency.

111
Q

cross-tying

A

method of using two ropes to secure a horse so that the head is level.

112
Q

diluter

A

type of fluid used to increase the volume of semen (thus diluting the sample).

113
Q

driving

A

harnessing and controlling horses from behind.

114
Q

dry matter basis

A

method of expressing concentration of a nutrient based on absence of water in the feed.

115
Q

extender

A

additive used to extend the lifespan of sperm cells.

116
Q

farrier

A

person who cares for equine feet, including trimming and shoeing.

117
Q

feathering

A

fringe of hair around an equine foot just above the hoof; also used to describe the fringe of hair on caudal aspects of canine limbs.

118
Q

firing

A

making a series of skin blis- ters with a hot needle over an area of lameness.

119
Q

get

A

sire’s offspring.

120
Q

grade

A

animal that is not registered with
a specific breed registry.

121
Q

hand

A

unit used to measure height of an equine at the withers; equal to 4 inches.

122
Q

heaving

A

extra contraction of the flank muscles during respiration; caused by loss of lung elasticity.

123
Q

hunters

A

horses that are judged while jumping fences or chasing fox.

124
Q

jumpers

A

horses that compete at shows by jumping and are judged on height, time, and faults.

125
Q

lather

A

accumulation of sweat on a horse’s body.

126
Q

leg cues

A

signals given to the horse through movement of the rider’s legs.

127
Q

longe

A

act of exercising a horse on the end of a long rope, usually in a circle

128
Q

near side

A

left side of horse.

129
Q

off side

A

right side of horse

130
Q

pasture mating

A

natural
breeding; also called natural cover.

131
Q

plumb line

A

line formed when a weight
is placed on the end of a string to measure the perpendicularity of something (used to detect straightness of a horse leg).

132
Q

settle

A

to breed successfully; said of a mare when she becomes pregnant.

133
Q

shod

A

equine with horseshoes.

134
Q

strike

A

defensive or aggressive movement of a horse in which the front leg is moved quickly
and cranially.

135
Q

stock

A

device used to restrain equine by
inhibiting movement and confining the animal’s
body

136
Q

teaser

A

stallion used to determine which
mares are in heat (estrus).

137
Q

twitch

A

mode of restraint in which a
device is twisted on the upper lip or muzzle

138
Q

waxing

A

accumulation of colostrum on the nipples of mares usually before foaling; also called waxed teats.

139
Q

draft horse

A

large breed of working horse (usually over 17 hands) Examples of draft horses include Belgian, Clydesdale, Percheron, and Shire.

140
Q

light horse

A

breed of horse that is intermediate in size and stature (usually greater than
14.2 hands) Examples of light horses include Paint, Quarter Horse, Saddlebred

141
Q

pony of Americas

A

breed of pony (usually
between 11.5 and 14 hands) that originated from a cross between a Shetland pony stallion and an Arab/Appaloosa mare.

142
Q

bog spavin

A

enlargement of proximal hock caused by distention of the joint capsule; spavin means swelling.

143
Q

bone spavin

A

bony enlargement at the base and medial surface of the hock.

144
Q

bowed tendons

A

thickening of the caudal surface of the leg proximal to the fetlock.

145
Q

capped hock

A

thickening of the skin or large callus at the point of the hock.

146
Q

fistulous withers

A

inflammation of the withers.

147
Q

grease heel/scratches

A

infection or scab in the skin around the fetlock

148
Q

osselets

A

soft swellings on the cranial (and sometimes sides) of the fetlock joint.

149
Q

poll evil

A

fistula on the poll that does not heal easily.

150
Q

quarter/toe/heel crack

A

cracks in quarters, toe, or heel, respectively, of hoof wall caused by poor management.

151
Q

ringbone

A

bony enlargement on the pastern bones; high ringbone occurs at the pastern joint; low ringbone occurs at the coffin joint.

152
Q

splints

A

inflammation of the interosseous ligament that holds the splint bones to the cannon bone.

153
Q

stifled

A

displaced patella

154
Q

sweeney

A

atrophy of shoulder muscle

155
Q

thoroughpin

A

fluctuating enlargement located in the hollows proximal to the hock

156
Q

equine encephalomyelitis

A

mosquito-transmitted infectious alphaviral disease of horses that is associated with motor irritation, paralysis, and altered con- sciousness; there are three types: Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE); also known as sleeping sickness.

157
Q

equine influenza

A

myxovirus infection of horses that is associated with mild fever, watery eyes, and persistent cough; com- monly called flu.

158
Q

equine protozoal myelitis

A

protozoal infection caused by Sarcocystis neu- rona (and perhaps other protozoa) that causes weakness, ataxia (especially in the hindquar- ters), weight loss, seizures, and other CNS signs; abbreviated EPM.

159
Q

equine viral arteritis

A

togavirus infection of horses that is associated with upper respiratory disease signs, abortion, and lesions in small arteries; abbreviated EVA.

160
Q

equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

herpesvirus infection of horses that is associated with signs of upper respiratory disease and abortion; abbreviated EVR; also called equine herpesvirus.

161
Q

potomac horse fever

A

rickettsial bacterial disease of horses that is associated with fever, anorexia, incoordination, diarrhea, and edema of the extremities; abbreviated PHF; also called equine ehrlichiosis

162
Q

rabies virus

A

fatal zoonotic rhabdovirus infection of all warm-blooded animals that causes neurologic signs; transmitted by a bite or infected body fluid; abbreviated RV.

163
Q

strangles

A

contagious bacterial disease of horses caused by the bacteria Streptococcus equi; signs include high fever, nasal discharge, anorexia, and swollen and abscessed mandibular lymph nodes

164
Q

tetanus

A

highly fatal bacterial disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani that is associated with hyperesthesia, tetany, and convulsions; also called lockjaw.

165
Q

West Nile virus

A

mosquito-borne viral encepha- litis that entered the United States (probably from the Middle East) in 1999. Affected horses may exhibit ataxia, paralysis, depression, head pressing, head tilt, seizures, and death; abbreviated WNV.

Terminology (22 decks)

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