Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
ossification
A
bone forming from fibrous tissue
2
Q
osteoblasts
A
immature bone cells that make bone tissue
3
Q
osteoclasts
A
phagocytic bone cells that eat bony tissue away from the medullary cavity of the long bone
4
Q
osteocytes
A
matures bone cells
5
Q
medullary cavity
A
inner space of long bone, contains yellow marrow
6
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers joint surfaces of bones
7
Q
meniscus
A
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints that cushions
8
Q
synarthroses joint
A
no movement, eg suture (jagged line where bones meet)
9
Q
amphiarthroses joint
A
slight movement (eg symphysis: 2 bones join and function as 1, mandible)
AKA cartilaginous joint
10
Q
diarthroses joint
A
free movement (eg. synovial joints - ball and socket)
11
Q
fontanelle
A
soft spot remaining at junction of sutures, usually closes after birth
12
Q
enarthrosis
A
ball and socket joints
13
Q
cortical bone
A
hard outer layer AKA compact
14
Q
cortex
A
bark/shell
15
Q
cancellous bone
A
spongy inner bone
16
Q
epiphysis
A
wide end of long bone (proximal and distal ends)
cancellous
17
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of long bone
compact
18
Q
physis
A
cartilage of long bone AKA growth plate AKA epiphyseal cartilage
19
Q
metaphysis
A
wide part of long bone adjacent to physis
- considered part of epiphysis in adults
20
Q
periosteum
A
fibrous tissue covering outer bone
21
Q
endosteum
A
fibrous tissue lining medullary cavity
22
Q
long bones
A
shaft + 2 ends + marrow cavity
23
Q
short bones
A
cube, no marrow cavity
24
Q
flat bones
A
thin (pelvis)
25
pneumatic bones
sinus containing bones
26
irregular bones
unpaired (vertebrae)
27
sesamoid bones
embedded in a tendon (patella)
28
arthrodial/condyloid joints
joints with oval projections that fit in a socket (carpal joints)
29
trochoid/pivot joints
pulley-shaped (atlas-axis connection)
30
saddle joints
only one = carpometacarpal of thumb. allows it to be opposable, can move any way
31
hinge/ginglymus joints
motion in one plane (elbow)
32
gliding joints
glide over each other (between vertebrae)
33
ligament
band of fibrous CT that connects one bone to another
34
tendon
band of CT that connects muscle to bone
35
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion in areas of friction
(more than 1 = bursae)
36
synovial membrane
in bursae and synovial joints
secretes synovial fluid to allow for smooth movement
37
foramen
opening in bone for tissues to pass
38
sinuses
air or fluid filled spaces in skull
39
brachycephalic
short wide skull
40
dolichocephalic
long narrow skull
41
mesocephalic
average skull
42
trochanters
large flat broad projections on femur
43
condyles
rounded projection on bone
44
aperture
opening
45
canal
tunnel
46
crest
high projection
47
crista
ridge
48
dens
toothlike structure on bone
49
eminence
surface projection
50
facet
smooth area
51
fissure
deep cleft
52
fossa
hollow depressed area
53
fovea
small pit
54
head
major protrusion
55
lamina
thin flat plate
56
line
low projection/ridge
57
malleolus
rounded projection
58
meatus
passage
59
process
projection
60
protuberance
projecting part
61
ramus
branch/smaller structure given off by larger structure
62
sinus
space/cavity
63
spine
sharp projection
64
sulcus
groove
65
suture
seam
66
trochlea
pulley-shaped structure in which other structures articulate
67
tubercle
small rounded projection
68
tuberosity
projecting part
69
arththrocentesis
puncture of joint to remove fluid
70
arthrography
injection of joint with contrast material for radiography
71
arthroscopy
visual exam of joint with scope
72
densitometer
device that measures bone density using x-rays
73
goniometer
instrument that measures angles of joints
74
radiology
study of internal structures after exposing them to radiation
75
ankylosis
loss of mobility from disease/injury
76
arthralgia
joint pain
77
arthritis
joint inflammation
78
arthrodynia
joint pain
79
arthropathy
joint disease
80
bursitis
bursa inflammation
81
chondromalacia
cartilage softening
82
chondropathy
cartilage disease
83
discospondylitis
inflammation of intervertebral disc and vertebrae
84
epiphysitis
growth plate inflammation
85
exostisis
growth on bony surface
86
gouty arthritis
inflammation of uric acid crystals in joint
87
hip dysplasia
growth on pelvic joint causing head of femur and acetabulum to not align
88
herniated disc/ruptured disc
intervertebral disc disease, rupture or protrusion of cushioning disc resulting in pressure on spinal cord
89
kyphosis
dorsal curvature of spine (hunchback)
90
lordosis
ventral curve of spine (swayback)
91
luxation
dislocation of bone from its joint
92
myeloma
tumor of cells from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow
93
ostealgia
bone pain
94
osteitis
bone inflammation
95
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease
96
osteochondrosis
degeneration of bone and cartilage followed by recalcification
97
osteochondrosis dissecans
degeneration of bone and cartilage followed by recalcification with dissecting flap of articular cartilage (osteophyte)
98
osteophyte
detached piece of articular cartilage AKA joint mice
99
osteomalacia
bone softening
100
osteomyelitis
bone + marrow inflammation
101
osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue
102
osteoporosis
loss of bone density and increase of porosity
103
osteosclerosis
hardening of bone
104
periostitis
inflammation of outermost covering of bone
105
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder of CT and joints
106
sequestrum
piece of dead bone partially/fully detached from healthy bone
107
spondylitis
vertebrae inflammation
108
spondylosis
any degenerative vertebrae disorder
109
spondylosis deformans
degeneration of articular processes of vertebrae
110
spur
bony projection
111
subluxation
partial dislocation
112
synovitis
synovial membrane inflammation
113
avulsion fracture
site of muscle/tendon/ligament is detached by forceful pull
114
callus
bulging deposit around area of bone fracture that may become bone
115
closed fracture
no open wound on skin AKA simple fracture
116
comminuted fracture
splintered into multiple pieces
117
compression fracture
bones pressed together
118
crepitation
audible cracking when broken bones move together
119
displaced fracture
fractured parts out of line
120
greenstick fracture
broken only on one side, other bent AKA incomplete fracture
121
immobilization
putting a cast on
122
manipulation AKA reduction
attempted realignment of bone
123
oblique fracture
break diagonal to long axis
124
open fracture
open wound on skin AKA compound fracture
125
pathologic fracture
broken in area weakens by disease
126
physeal fracture
broken at epiphyseal line/growth plate
127
spiral fracture
bone is twisted apart
128
stress fracture
broken by repetitive local stress
129
transverse fracture
broke straight across
130
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint or spinal vertebrae
131
chemonucleolysis
dissolving center of intervertebral disc by injecting foreign substance
132
craniotomy
incision into skull
133
external fixation
immobilizing bone near fracture through casts, splints, rods, pins
134
laminectomy
removal of dorsal arch of vertebrae
135
internal fixation
immobilization directly on fracture through pins, plates, wires, screws
136
ostectomy
removal of bone
137
osteocentesis
puncture of bone
138
osteodesis
fusion of bone
139
osteopexy
fixation of bone to body wall
140
osteoplasty
repair of bone
141
osteostomy
permanent new opening in bone
142
osteotomy
incision on bone
143
trephination
cutting into bone with trephine (circular saw)
144
vertebral extension
ventral arching
145
vertebral flexion
dorsal arching
146
fixation
joint immobilized in a fixed position
147
malarticulations
connections between bones not lined up
148
ambulation
moving from one place to another
149
fascia
sheet of fibrous CT
150
lines alba
fibrous band of CT where abdominal muscles attach (eg of a tendon)
151
aponeurosis
fibrous sheet where muscle fibers can attach
152
synergists/agonistic
muscles that’s contract at the same time as another muscle
153
neuromuscular junction
point where nerve endings meet muscle cells
154
tonus
balanced muscles tension
155
muscle origin
where a muscle begins
156
muscle insertion
where a muscle ends
157
flexor
muscles that bends at joint
158
extensor
muscle that straightens a limb
159
levator
muscle that raises
160
depressor
muscle that lowers
161
rotator
muscles that turns body part on its axis
162
supinator
muscle that rotates palmar/plantar surface upward
163
pronator
muscle that rotated palmar/plantar surface downward
164
pectoral muscles
chest
165
epaxial muscles
above pelvic axis
166
intercostal muscles
between ribs
167
infraspinatus muscles
beneath spine
168
supraspinatus muscles
above spine
169
orbicularis muscles
surround another structure
170
azyguous
not paired
171
latissimus
broad muscle
172
gracilis
narrow muscle
173
deltoid
triangle shaped muscles
174
quadratus
square shaped muscles
175
rhomboideus
diamond shaped muscles
176
scalenus
unequally 3 sided muscles
177
serratus
saw-toothed muscles
178
teres
cylindrical muscles
179
electromyography
recording muscle strength
180
ataxia
lack of control of muscle movement, wobbly
181
atonic
lacking muscle tone
182
fascitis
fascia inflammation
183
fibroma
CT tumor
184
hernia
protrusion of body part through containing tissues
185
laxity
looseness
186
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
187
leiomyositis
smooth muscle inflammation
188
myasthenia
muscles weakness
189
myoclonus
muscle spasm
190
myoma
muscle tumor
191
myopathy
muscle disease
192
myositis
muscle inflammation
193
myotonia
delayed relaxation of muscle after contracting
194
rhabdomyona
tumor of striated muscle
195
tendinitis
tendon inflammation
196
tetany
twitching
197
myectomy
removal of muscle
198
myoplasty
repair of muscle
199
myotomy
incision in muscle
200
tenectomy
removal of tendon
201
tenotomy
incision in tendon
