Chapter 6 - Gut Flashcards
1
Q
3 terms for the system that is a long muscular tube from mouth to anus?
A
digestive, alimentary, and gastrointestinal (GI) systems
2
Q
aliment/o
A
nourishment
3
Q
or/o
stomat/o
A
mouth
4
Q
gnath/o
A
jaw
5
Q
prognathia
A
elongated mandible
6
Q
brachygnathia
A
shortened mandible
7
Q
labia
A
lips
8
Q
labium
A
single lip
9
Q
cheil/o
labi/o
A
lips
10
Q
bucc/o
A
cheek
11
Q
buccal
A
pertaining to cheek
12
Q
palate
A
roof of mouth
13
Q
hard palate
A
bony rostral portion of palate
14
Q
rugae
A
irregularly folded mucous membrane (as found in hard palate, stomach)
15
Q
rug/o
A
wrinkle or fold
16
Q
soft palate
A
flexible caudal potion of palate
17
Q
palat/o
A
palate
18
Q
papillae
A
elevations found on dorsal tongue
19
Q
filiform
A
mushroomlike papillae
20
Q
fungiform
A
cup-shaped papillae (tastebuds found here + vallate)
21
Q
vallate
A
papillae where tastebuds are found
22
Q
frenulum
A
CT connecting tongue to ventral surface of oral cavity
23
Q
gloss/o
lingu/o
A
tongue
24
Q
lingual surface
A
side of cheek adjacent to tongue
25
dent/o
dent/i
odont/o
teeth
26
dentition
teeth as a whole (maxillary + mandibular arcades)
27
deciduous dentition
temporary set in young animals
28
decidu/o
shedding
29
permanent dentition
adult teeth
30
retained deciduous tooth
baby tooth that didn't shed
31
incisor
front tooth used for cutting
32
canine
between incisors and premolars (AKA fang or cuspid [one point])
33
premolar
between canine and molar (AKA bi cuspids [2 points])
34
molar
most caudal teeth, used for grinding
35
dental formula
shorthand for tooth type and number
- always begins with a 2 to indicate symmetry
ex. 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 2 molars ... on maxilla, mirroring set on mandible
= 42 total on dog
36
dental formula
shorthand for tooth type and number
- always begins with a 2 to indicate symmetry
ex. 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, 2 molars ... on maxilla, mirroring set on mandible
= 42 total on dog
37
enamel
hard white substance covering dentin of crown of tooth
38
cementum
bonelike CT covering tooth root
39
dentin
CT surrounding tooth pulp
40
pulp
nerves, vessels, loose CT of tooth
41
apical foramen
hole at tip of tooth root where nerves and vessels enter
42
periodontia
structure supporting teeth
43
alveoli
sockets teeth sit in
44
alveolar bone
thing layer of compact bone forming tooth socket
45
periodontal ligament
fibrous structure holding tooth to alveolus (socket)
46
gingiva
mucous membrane surrounding tooth, forms mouth lining (AKA gums)
47
gingiv/o
gums
48
gingival sulcus
space in gums surrounding tooth
49
salivary glands
secrete saliva
50
saliva
contains digestive enzymes, begins digestive process (mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, and parotid [near ear])
51
para-
near
52
ot/o
ear
53
sialaden/o
sial/o
salivary glands
54
endodontics
branch of dentistry - tooth pulp diseases
55
exodontics
branch of dentistry - extraction of teeth
56
orthodontics
branch of dentistry - correction of malocclusion
57
periodontics
branch of dentistry - diseases of tooth-supporting structures
58
pharynx
cavity in caudal oral cavity that connects respiratory to GI system (AKA thorat)
59
pharyng/o
pharynx
60
mastication
chewing
61
ingesta
material taken in orally
62
ptyalism
hypersialosis
hypersalivation
63
sial/o
ptyal/o
saliva
64
deglutition
swallowing
65
phago/o
eating/ingestion
66
esophagus
collapsible, muscular tube from oral cavity to stomach
- dorsal to trachea
67
esopag/o
esophagus
68
sphincter
ringlike muscle that constricts an opening
69
abdomen
cavity between diaphragm and pelvis
70
abdomin/o
celi/o
abdomen
71
lapar/o
abdomen + flank
72
peritoneum
membrane lining covering abdominal and pelvic cavities
parietal: lines cavities
visceral: lines organs
73
lesser omentum
fold in peritoneum that connects connects stomach to visceral organs
74
greater omentum
fold in peritoneum that connects connects stomach to dorsal organs
75
gastr/o
stomach
76
monogastric
one glandular 'AKA true' stomach (stomach that makes secretions for digestion) animals
77
ruminant
one glandular stomach + 3 forestomach (outpouchings of esophagus) animals
78
glandular stomach
produces secretions
79
cardia
entrance of stomach, near esophagus
80
fundus
cranial, rounded base of stomach
81
body/corpus
rounded bottom of stomach, main part
82
antrum
caudal part of stomach, constricted, joins pylorud
83
pylorus
narrow passage between stomach and duodenum
84
pylor/o
gatekeeper (pylorus)
85
pyloric sphincter
muscle ring controlling flow from stomach to duodenum
86
rugae
folds in the mucosa of stomach. contain glands that make gastric juices
87
intestinal flora
microorganisms in GI tract
88
cud
regurgitated and remasticated food + rumen microganisms of ruminants
89
rumen/paunch
largest part of ruminant stomach, fermentation occurs here
90
reticulum
cranial ruminant stomach AKA honeycomb (intersecting mucous membranes)
91
omasum
third part of ruminant stomach, has papillae that grind food, contracts to squeeze fluid out
92
abomasum/true stomach
4th part of ruminant stomach, glandular enzymes for digestion
93
mesentry
fold in peritoneum that attaches small intestine to abdominal wall
94
enter/o
small intesetine
95
gastroenterology
study of stomach + small intestine
96
rumination
process of bringing food up from stomach to the mouth for further chewing
97
duodenum
proximal part of small intestine (most 'oral' part)
98
duoden/i
duoden/o
duodenum
99
jejunum
middle portion of small intestine
100
jejun/o
jejunum
101
ileum/aboral
most distal portion of small intestine
102
ile/o
ileum
103
chyle
milky fluid in food that has been digested
104
cecum
portion of large intestine connected to ileum
105
colon
2nd portion of large intestine, made of ascending, transverse, and descending parts
106
rectum
most caudal portion of large intestine
107
anus
most caudal opening of GI tract, controlled by anal spincter
108
cec/o
cecum
109
col/o
colon
110
haustra
sacculations in colon + cecum of pigs and horses ('buckets' that retain material so it has more time to digest)
111
teniae
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in cecal wall, form haustra
112
rect/o
rectum
113
an/o
anus
114
anorectal
pertaining to anus and rectum
115
proct/o
anus + rectum collectively
116
anal sacs
pair of pouches in anal sphincters of dogs and cats that produce foul smelling liquid
117
flexure
bend/curve (ie pelvic flexure)
118
hepat/o
liver
119
glucose
120
glycogen
form of excess glucose removed by liver and stored in body
121
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
122
hepatocytes
liver cells
123
sinusoids
channels in liver
124
parenchyma
functional element of a tissue/organ
125
bile
produced in liver to help digestion
126
biliary
pertaining to bile
127
emulsification
fat digestion
128
bilirubin
pigment produced from destruction of hemoglobin released in bile
129
gallbladder
sac embedded in liver that stores bile
130
cyst/o
cyset
131
chol/o
bile/gall
132
doch/o
receptacle
133
cholecystic
pertaining to gall bladder
134
choledochus
common bile duct
135
pancreas
elongated gland near cranial duodenum with endo + exocrine functions (makes trypsin, lipase, and amylase)
136
pancreat/o
pancreas
137
trypsin
enzyme that digests protein
138
lipase
enzyme that digests fat
139
amylase
enzyme that digests carbohydrates
140
-ase
enzymes
141
metabolism
the body's use of nutrients
142
anabolism
building of cells + substances
143
catabolism
breaking down cells + substances
144
absorption
taking digested nutrients into circulatory system
AKA assimilation
145
villi
hairlike projections in small intestine
- villus = single villi
146
crypts
valleys in the small intestine mucous membrane
147
prehension
collecting food (ingesta) in oral cavity
148
mastication
chewing
149
deglutition
chewed ingesta -> into pharynx and esophagus
150
peristalsis
wavelike contractions of smooth muscle that moves food down esophagus
151
-stalsis
contraction
152
chyme
semifluid mass of partially digested food that passes from stomach
153
ballottement
hitting the wall of fluid-filled structure
154
barium
contrast material (barium sulfate) used for radiographic studies
given by 'barium swallow' of upper GI or 'barium enema' of lower GI)
155
biopsy
removal of tissues to examine
incisional = removing part of tissue
excisional = entire tissue removed
156
preprandial
blood test before a meal
157
postprandial
blood test after a meal
158
-prandial
meal
159
colonoscopy
endoscopic examination of colon using an endoscope
160
esophagoscopy
endoscopic examination of esophagus
161
fecal examination
detect parasites
162
gastroscopy
endoscopic examination of stomach
163
hemoccult
test for hidden blood in stool
occult = hidden
164
radiography
imaging of internal structures through x-rays
165
ultrasound
imaging of internal structures using echoes of sound waves
166
achalasia
inability to relax smooth muscle of GI tract
167
adontia
no teeth
168
aerophagia
swalling air
169
anal sacculitis
inflammation of pouches around anus
inpissation = determining dry or thick fluid by evaporation
170
anorexia
loss of appetite
171
ascariasis
roundworms
172
ascites
fluid in abdomen
173
atresia
absence of normal body opening/tubular organ
174
bloat
accumulation of gas in GI tract
ruminal tympany = bloating in ruminants
174
bloat
accumulation of gas in GI tract
ruminal tympany = bloating in ruminants
174
bloat
accumulation of gas in GI tract
ruminal tympany = bloating in ruminants
175
borborygmus
gas movement that makes a rumbling sound
176
bruxism
involuntary teeth grinding
177
cachexia
malnutrition
178
cholecystits
inflamed gall bladder
179
cirrhosis
degenerative disease of liver
180
cirrh/o
orange yellow
181
colic
severe abdominal pain
182
colitis
inflamed colon
183
coprophagia
eating poop
copr/o = poop
184
cribbing
horses grabbing an object in front teeth and breathing in
185
dental calcus
abnormal mineral deposit on teeth (AKA tartar)
186
dental caries
decay of teeth, making a hole
187
displaced abomasum
4th stomach in ruminants gets trapped under the rumen
188
diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticulum (pouch on wall of tubular organs)
189
dyschezia
difficulty pooping
190
dysentry
general term for disorders of inflammation of intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
191
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing or eating
192
emesis
vomiting
193
vomitus
vomited material
194
enteritis
inflammation of small intestine
195
enterocolitis
inflammation of small and large intestines
196
epulis
benign tumor from periodontal mucous membranes
197
eructation
belching
198
esophageal reflux
return of stomach contents back to esophagus
reflux = return flow
199
eviscerate
remove/expose internal organs
200
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
pancreas doesn't secret enough enzymes
201
fecalith/coprolith
stonelike poop
-lethiasis = presence of stones
202
gastric dilation
stomach fills with air and expands (often in deep chested canines)
203
gastric dilation volvulus
stomach fills with air, expands, and twists on itself
204
gastritis
stomach inflammation
205
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach and small intestine
206
gingival hyperplasia
overgrowth of gingiva
207
gingivitis
inflammation of gums
208
glossitis
tongue inflammation
209
hematemesis
vomiting blood
210
hematochezia
passing bloody stool
211
hemoperitoneum
blood in peritoneum
212
hepatitis
liver inflammation
213
heptoma
liver tumor
214
hepatomegaly
enlarged liver
215
hiatal hernia
protrusion of stomach through esophagal opening in diaphragm
216
hydrops/dropsy
fluid in tissues or body cavity
217
hyper/hypoglycemia
elevated/low blood sugar
218
ileitis
ileum inflammation
219
ileus
stoppage of intestinal peristalsis
220
impaction
obstruction of area (usually when feed is too dry)
221
incontinence
inability to control
222
inflammatory bowel disease
inflammatory cells infiltrate lining of GIT
223
inguinal hernia
protrusion of bowel through inguinal canal
224
intussusception
telescoping of one part of intestine into adjacent part
225
jaundice/icterus
yellow skin from elevated bilirubin
226
total parental nutrition/TPN
malnourished animals receiving an IV of liquid nutrients
227
melena
black stool with digested blood
228
oronasal fistula
abnormal opening between nasal and oral cavities
229
palatoschisis
congenital fissure of roof of mouth (cleft palate)
230
perforating ulcer
erosion through entire surface
231
periapical abscess
inflammation + pus surrounding bottom of tooth root
232
periodontitis
inflammation of strucutre supporting teeth
233
pica
eating abnormal substances
234
plaque
mixed colony of bacteria and WBC adhering to enamel
235
polydipsia
excessive thirst
236
dips/o
thirst
237
polyp
small growth on mucous membrane
238
polyphagia
excessive eating
239
prolapse
protrusion of viscera
240
quidding
food chewed up but falls from mouth
241
salivary mucocele
saliva leaking from damaged gland surrounded by grandulation tissue
242
scours
livestock diarrhea
243
shunt
bypass/divert
244
portosystemic shunt
blood vessels bypass liver, not detoxified
245
stenosis
narrowing of opening
246
stomatitis
mouth inflammation
247
tenesmus
painful defecation
248
torsion
axial twist
249
trichobezoar
hairball
trich/o = hair
250
ulcer
erosion of tissue
251
volvulus
twisting on itself
252
abomasopexy
surgical fixation of abomasum to abdominal wall
253
fistula
abnormal passage from organ to surface or between 2 organs
254
rumenostomy/rumen fistula
artificial opening in rumen of ruminant
255
perianal
around anus
256
perianal fistula
abnormal passage around anus
257
float
instrument to file equine molars
258
gastrectomy
removal of all/parts of stomach
259
gastroduodenostomy
removal of part of stomach and duodenum
260
gastropexy
fixing stomach of abdominal wall
261
gastrostomy
artificial opening between stomach and abdominal wall
262
effluent
discharge
263
anastomosis
connecting 2 tubular/hollow strucutres
264
bolus
rounded mass of food OR giving something rapidly
265
cholecystectomy
removal of gall bladder
266
drench
forcing an animal to drink liquid medication
267
enterostomy
opening between small intestine and abdominal wall
268
gastrostomy
incision in stomach
269
gastrostomy
incision in stomach
270
gavage
force feeding
271
gingivectomy
removal of gum tissue
272
hepatomy
incision in liver
273
ileectomy
removal of ileum
274
laparotomy
incision into abdomen
lapar/o = abdomen/flank
275
nasogastric intubation
place tube through nose into stomach
276
orogastric intubation
tube from mouth into stomach
277
transfaunation
transferring microbes from healthy animal into sick animal
278
trocarization/paracentesis
inserting pointed instrument (trocar) into body cavity (usually to relieve pressure in bloat)
