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Plant Physio FINALS > Chapter 9: Plant Growth and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Plant Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

more cells=become bigger

A

growth

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2
Q

changes that occur in an
organism starting from its beginning till its death may collectively be termed as .

A

development

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3
Q

, the complex process that unfolds from the beginning to the end of an
organism’s life

A

Development

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4
Q

two primary mechanisms of development:

A

morphogenesis and differentiation

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5
Q

is the shaping and structuring of an organism. This process involves the
organization of cells into tissues and organs, ultimately giving the organism its unique form.

A

Morphogenesis

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6
Q

, on the other hand, is the specialization of cells to perform
specific functions.

A

differentiation

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7
Q

Three Stages of Growth

A

Cell Division
Cell Enlargement
Cell Differentiation

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8
Q

During
____, a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This division results in an increase
in the total number of cells within the organism.

A

mitosis

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9
Q

increase in size as their cytoplasm, the jelly-like substance within the cell, expands.

A

Cell Enlargement

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10
Q

cells begin to specialize and take on specific functions.
This process, known as , __transforms generic cells into cells with unique structures
and roles.

A

cell differentiation

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11
Q

three distinct phases of s-shapes growth curve

A

Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase

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12
Q

This is the initial stage of growth, characterized by a very slow rate of growth.
During this phase, the organism is adjusting to its new environment and preparing for rapid
growth.

A

Lag Phase

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13
Q

This phase is marked by rapid and exponential growth. The organism is
actively dividing and increasing in size at its maximum rate. This period of rapid growth
is essential for the organism to reach its full potential.

A

Log Phase

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14
Q

rate of growth begins to decline.
Eventually, the growth rate slows down and eventually stops altogether

A

Stationary Phase

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15
Q

Organic compounds produced in small amounts, influencing plant growth and
development.

A

Phytohormones

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16
Q

chemical substances act as essential signaling molecules, coordinating and
regulating a vast array of physiological processes that govern plant growth, development, and
response to environmental stimuli.

A

Phytohormones

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17
Q

five major classes of phytohormones

A

auxin
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscissic acid

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18
Q

synthetic chemicals that can influence plant
growth; mimic the structure and function of natural
plant hormones

A

, growth regulators,

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19
Q

auxin= greek word ___ means ___

A

auxein; to grow

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20
Q

hormone that promotes growth and is generally produced by the growing apical part of the stem
and root

A

Auxins

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21
Q

naturally produced auxin=
synthetic auxins (3)

A

natural= Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)
syhthetic-= Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D), and Naphthalene acetic
acid (NAA).

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22
Q

Physiological Effects of Auxin (6)

A

Root-shoot differentiation ;
cell elongation ;
Apical dominance;
Phototropism and Gravitropism;
Fruit development ;
Leaf abscission

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23
Q

Auxin in root elongation:

high levels=
low levels=

A

high levels= inhibits root elongation
low levels= promotes root initiation

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24
Q

Auxin (what physiologic effect):

at low concentrations, auxin promotes root initiation and development by
stimulating cell division in the ___, a layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue. This leads
to the formation of ___, which increase the root system’s surface area for nutrient and
water uptake.

A

(Root-shoot differentiation)
pericycle;
lateral roots

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25
Q

Auxin promotes cell elongation through the ____mechanism.

A

acid growth

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26
Q

auxin: (what physiologic effect?)

It induces the
acidification of cell walls by stimulating ___, which lower the pH of the cell wall. This
acidic environment activates ___, enzymes that loosen the cellulose fibers and other
components of the cell wall, making it more flexible

A

(Cell elongation)
proton pumps;
expansins

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27
Q

is a phenomenon where the apical meristem, located at the tip of a plant
shoot, inhibits the growth of lateral buds.

A

Apical dominance

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27
Q

Auxin (what physiological effect):

Auxin is transported basipetally (toward the base of the plant) and accumulates in
lateral buds, where it inhibits cell division and elongation. This inhibition prevents the lateral buds
from growing and competing with the main shoot for resources

A

(Apical dominance)

28
Q

auxin (what physiological effect):

auxin can promote
the degradation of ___, a hormone that promotes cell division and lateral bud growth.

A

(Apical dominance)
cytokinin;

29
Q

auxin (what physiological effect):

Auxin accumulates on the ___side of a plant stem in response to light or gravity. This
differential distribution of auxin stimulates cell elongation on the shaded side, causing the stem
to bend towards the light or upward against gravity.

A

(Phototropism and Gravitropism )
shaded

30
Q

Auxin (what physiological effect):

Auxin stimulate cell division and enlargement
in the ovary, leading to fruit set and growth. Additionally, auxin can delay fruit ripening by
inhibiting the production of ____, a hormone that promotes ripening.

A

(Fruit development );
ethylene

31
Q

Auxin (what physiological effect):

By inhibiting
the production of ___, a hormone that promotes leaf aging and shedding, auxin can delay these processes

A

(Leaf abscission);
ethylene

32
Q

Gibberellin originates from ____, a hormone-producing fungus in the
Ascomycota phylum known for causing excessive growth and reduced yields in rice plants

A

Gibberella fujikuroi

33
Q

are key regulators in the formation and maturation of reproductive organs and
are essential for fruit ripening and the production of viable seeds; promote seed germination

A

Gibberellin

34
Q

These
hormones also drive cell division and elongation, contributing to hypocotyl and stem growth, and
have a positive impact on leaf size and the expansion of the root meristem

A

Gibberellin

35
Q

Physiological Effects of Gibberellin (4)

A

Elongation of the internodes;
breaks dormancy of seeds and buds;
induces parthenocarpy;
Sex expression

36
Q

Gibberellin (what physiological effect):

Gibberellins significantly influence stem elongation by stimulating cell division and cell
elongation; The mechanism involves the activation of specific genes, which in turn
regulate the production of proteins that loosen cell walls and promote cell expansion.

A

Elongation of the internodes

37
Q

Gibberellin (what physiological effect):

Gibberellin mobilize stored food reserves and overcoming dormancy
mechanisms. By stimulating the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes like ___, gibberellins
break down starch into sugars, providing energy for the developing embryo or bud.

A

(breaks dormancy of seeds and buds);
α-amylase

38
Q

Gibberellin (what physiological effect):

embryo to release gibberellin (GA) to the ___ layer, the outer layer of the
seed coat. In response, the aleurone secretes the enzyme α-amylase, which breaks down stored starch in the
___into simple sugars. These sugars are then absorbed by the ___, a specialized cotyledon, and
utilized as an energy source to support the growth and development of the embryo.

A

(breaks dormancy of seeds and buds);
aleurone;
endosperm ;
scutellum

38
Q

formation of seedless fruits without fertilization

A

parthenocarpy

38
Q

Gibberellin (what physiological effect):

This process
involves stimulating ovule development, even without fertilization, and promoting fruit
growth. By inducing cell division and enlargement in the ovary, gibberellins can lead to the
development of fruits without the need for seed formation.

A

induces parthenocarpy

38
Q

Gibberellins can influence (physiological effect) in plants by promoting or inhibiting the
development of specific floral organs.

A

sex expression

39
Q

phytohormones that function as growth factors necessary for cell division
and cell differentiation; cause inhibition of senescence by inhibiting the
breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids in plants.

A

Cytokinins

40
Q

was the first artificial cytokinin to be discovered.

A

Kinetin

41
Q

Physiological Effects of Cytokinins (6)

A

Cell division;
Cambial activity;
Lateral growth;
Flowering induction and inhibition;
Regulates photosynthesis via stomatal regulation;
Translocation of Solutes

42
Q

Cytokinins play a crucial role in plant growth and development by stimulating (physiologic process/effect).
They activate specific genes that encode proteins involved in the cell cycle, resulting in the formation of new cells,

A

cell division

43
Q

Cytokinins play a crucial role in regulating (Physiological process/effect), the process of cell division in
the cambium, a layer of meristematic tissue responsible for secondary growth. By stimulating cell
division in the cambium, cytokinins promote the formation of new ___ cells, leading
to an increase in stem and root diameter.

A

cambial activity;
xylem and phloem

44
Q

Cytokinins play a crucial role in promoting (physiological process or effect) by counteracting the
inhibitory effects of auxin,

A

lateral bud growth

45
Q

cytokinin (what physiological effect):

When the
___ is removed or its ___production is reduced, cytokinin levels in lateral buds
increase. This increase in cytokinin stimulates cell division and elongation in the lateral buds

A

lateral growth
apical meristem; auxin

46
Q

cytokinin (what physiological effect):

By promoting stomatal opening, cytokinins facilitate the uptake of ___), a key substrate for photosynthesis. When stomata are open, CO2 can diffuse into
the leaf mesophyll cells, where it is used to synthesize sugars through the Calvin cycle.

A

(Regulates photosynthesis via stomatal regulation)
carbon dioxide (CO2

47
Q

cytokinin influence the movement of nutrients, such as sugars and amino acids, from source tissues, like
mature leaves, to sink tissues, such as developing fruits, roots, and young leaves.

A

Translocation of Solutes

47
Q

is a highly volatile, making it a gaseous plant hormone; best known
for its role in fruit ripening

A

Ethylene

47
Q

ethylene physiological effects/process (5)

A

Fruit Ripening;
Leaf Abscission;
Senescence;
Stress Responses and Adaptation;
Growth Modulation

47
Q

Ethylene promotes ___, which is the process by which plants
shed leaves, in turn helps reduce water loss during the dry season and conserve energy during
winter seasons;specialized cells at the “abscission layer” will
eventually weaken the ___, forcing the leaf to detach to its stem

A

leaf abscission;
petiole

47
Q

Ethylene is known to increase the production of enzymes that are involved
in the ___ process. Enzymes like ___and ___break down the
cellulose and pectin contents of the cell wall, leading to its softening. Another enzyme called
___helps convert starches to sugars.

A

fruit ripening;
polygalacturonase; cellulase;
amylase

48
Q

Ethylene induces a response called ____”, where it inhibits the elongation of the seedling’s tissues, and promotes thickening
and horizontal growth.

A

“triple
response

48
Q

Ethylene is also known to be involved with ___, also known as the “aging” process of plant tissues, where they exhibit signs of degradation
like wilting and fading in color; heightened level of ethylene promotes the breakdown
of ___, causing it to change its color and eventually die

A

senescence;
chlorophyll

49
Q

famously known as the stress hormone; only synthesized if a plant experiences environmental stresses such as flooding,
droughts, and other unfavorable conditions.

A

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

50
Q

Abscisic Acid (ABA) physiological effect/process (4)

A

Stomatal Closure;
Seed Dormancy and Germination;
Growth Inhibition;
Cold and Salinity Stress

51
Q

During water
deficiency, the plant responds to the high transpiration rate and synthesizes ABA. The transport
and accumulation of ABA to the leaves will signal the ____, reducing water loss.

A

closure of stomata;

52
Q

, abscisic acid encourages ions such as ___to flow outside
from ____cells, making them lose their ___thus forcing it to close the stomata.

A

potassium;
guard;
turgor pressure

53
Q

The presence of abscisic acid on seeds ensures the
inhibition of ___, helping seeds remain dormant until conditions are
ideal for growth.

A

premature seed germination

54
Q

Abscisic acid primarily acts as a ____, in which if ABA is
present, it will signal the plant to conserve energy; ABA can slow down plant cell division
and elongation

A

growth inhibitor

55
Q

In plant growth, ___are important chemical messengers that facilitate the
regulation of the various physiological processes of a plant

A

phytohormones

56
Q

are the primary growth hormone of a plant; in which they promote cell elongation
in the apical regions of the plant. They are also involved with gravitropism and
phototropism.

A

Auxins

57
Q

promote the elongation of the stem, is the major phytohormone for seed
germination, and also aids in flowering.

A

Gibberellins

58
Q

are the phytohormones that primarily stimulate cell division in plants.
Counteracted by auxins, are responsible for the lateral branching of the plant,
and is also connected to senescence of the leaves

A

Cytokinins

59
Q

is the primary phytohormone for fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and also plays a
role in the plant’s stress responses.

A

Ethylene

60
Q

, is the known stress hormone in the plant. It is synthesized
only during unfavorable conditions in order to modulate the normal physiological and
molecular responses of a plant, prioritizing survival and adaptation.

A

Abscisic acid or simply ABA

Plant Physio FINALS (12 decks)

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