C8: Mineral Nutrition (Pt 2) Flashcards
___ – cells in leaves that control opening & closing of leaf pores (stoma).
Guard cells
is the layer of cells inside a plant’s stem that divides to make new cells.
cambium
System of hollow ‘pipes’ inside a plant that allow the transport of water and the dissolved
nutrients inside the plant.
Xylem tissue
these cells are dead–they start off alive, then get very thick cell walls then die, leaving
them hollow
Xylem cells
the system of pipes inside a plant that allows transport of sugars (the sap) and
plant hormones.
phloem
xylem is responsible for moving water and minerals ___from the roots, phloem is ___.
upward;
downward
Nutrient Acquisition Processes (3)
Absorption by Roots
Osmosis and Diffusion
Ion Exchange in Soil
___, carrying dissolved nutrients, moves into the plant, providing the medium
for transporting these nutrients.
Water
roots release ___into the soil, which helps to dislodge
nutrient ions attached to soil particles.
hydrogen ions
– also known as negative pressure or suction, is a force that pulls water up a plant through
the xylem.
Tension
is the process of water evaporating out of the xylem via the stomata.
Transpiration
causes the tension/suction to make water go up from roots to leaves.
Transpiration
– the property of water molecules sticking to each other.
Cohesion
when water evaporates out of the
stomata in the leaves, it draws more water up because the water molecules are all clinging to each
other. This is called ___of the water column.
cohesiveness
Pressure in a plant is created through a sugar concentration gradient, which allows the flow of
sap.
Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Nutrients move to the roots via three methods
Root extension
Mass Flow
Diffusion
– exposure to soil and new supplies of nutrients roots could contact 3% of
the soil or nutrients in the soil
Root extension
– water absorbed by the root creates a water deficit near the root in the soil;
then more water moves near to the root carrying nutrients with the water. This is an
important point for nutrients in large quantities in the soil solution, like N, K & Ca.
Mass Flow
– movement of nutrients due to an imbalance of concentration (diffusion
gradient).
Diffusion
Conditions for nutrient uptake(4)
-Actively growing
-Metabolic energy (able to respire; have oxygen; consider porosity)
-root hairs
-selective process
Nutrient Assimilation Processes (3)
Nitrate Reduction and Ammonium Assimilation;
Photosynthesis and Carbon Assimilation;
Protein and Enzyme Formation
– in roots and leaves, nitrate (NO₃⁻) is
converted to ammonium (NH₄⁺), which plants can incorporate into amino acids.
Nitrate Reduction and Ammonium Assimilation
– in leaves, photosynthesis captures sunlight
and converts carbon dioxide and water into sugars, providing energy for the plant
Photosynthesis and Carbon Assimilation
– nutrients like nitrogen combine with carbon
compounds to form proteins and enzymes, which are essential for plant structure and
function.
Protein and Enzyme Formation
enhances nutrient retention and releases nutrients as it
decomposes, benefiting the plant’s nutrient intake
Organic matter
establish a symbiotic relationship with legume
plants, forming nodules on roots where nitrogen fixation occurs.
Rhizobia bacteria
form associations with plant roots, extending
their hyphae (thin filaments) into the soil, which significantly increases the surface area for
nutrient absorption.
Mycorrhizal fungi
Numerous elements are naturally available in the soil, ___ of these are considered as
essential to plant growth and development.
17
common symptoms of nutrient deficiency include (4)
malformation,
discoloration, crinkling and necrosis
one of the most common factors that causes nutrient deficiency is the ___
vegetation’s nutrient
starvation.
Macronutrient Deficiency (6)
Nitrogen Deficiency
Phosphorus Deficiency
Potassium De
Calcium De
Sulfur De
Magnesium
is one of the main elements in protein and also a component of nucleic acid, DNA,
RNA, genes, chromosomes, enzymes, chlorophyll, secondary metabolites (alkaloids), and
amino acids.
Nitrogen
Symptoms: stunted appearance; chlorosis of older and lower leaves; leaf tip death; brown
discoloration of leaf margins (due to necrosis)
Nitrogen Deficiency
is an essential component of ATP and NADPH, which are both necessary for
plant metabolism. Additionally, it is also a component of DNA, RNA, nucleotides, and cell
membrane.
Phosphorus
Symptoms: stunted growth; irregular brown and black spots on lower leaves; reddish to
purple pigmentation may appear on the under or upper surface of leaf margins, lower
leaves, and stems; delayed flowering
Phosphorus Deficiency
is required as a cofactor of many enzymes.
Potassium
Symptoms: short internodes; reduced leaf and stem size; irreparable leaf margin and
necrosis of midribs; and in some plants, necrosis and chlorosis occur in plant’s foliage
Potassium Deficiency
is a component of cell walls and is also important in cell division, cell expansion
and building of new cell walls.
Calcium
Symptoms are commonly found on growth points: tip burns; malformation of newly-grown
parts; black spots on growing points
Calcium Deficiency
is involved in protein synthesis (constituent of some essential amino acids such as
cysteine and methionine: needed for stress response)
Sulfur
Symptoms: uniform chlorosis of light greenish-yellow pigmentation develops anywhere
between the young and mature leaves (sign of stress)
Sulfur Deficiency
is required for chlorophyll, thus, undersupply affects crop coloration. It is also
an important component of enzyme and co- factor reactions.
Magnesium
Symptoms: chlorosis (greenish yellow to yellowish green color) along the leaf margins tips
and veins; necrosis develops between the veins and the leaf curl downwards
Magnesium Deficiency
Micronutrient Deficiency (6)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc
Copper
Boron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Plants use ___ to make enzymes and proteins.and is also involved in chlorophyll
formation. It is dependent on soil pH.
Iron (Fe)
Symptoms: interveinal chlorosis; chlorotic stem ; pale-green, yellowish or whitish leaves
with necrotic dots and chlorosis of the youngest leaves
Iron (Fe) Deficiency
is an integral component of proteins, consequently enzymes.
Zinc
Symptoms: stunted growth; young and recently matured leaves develop puckering, veinal
chlorosis, and necrosis
Zinc (Zn) Deficiency
This element is involved in multiple vegetation activities including photosynthesis and
breathing.
Copper
Symptoms: yellowing and necrosis; foliage wilting; poor flowering; impaired
development
Copper (Cu) Deficiency
is required in plants for cell division, cell wall formation and stabilization,
lignification and apical meristem function
Boron
Symptoms: disorders develop on the shoot and root meristem; roots are thick and short
while primary roots develop thick swollen root tips ( witch’s broom); shiny and deep
green mature foliage
Boron (B) Deficiency
plays a significant role in photosynthesis and cell respiration ( the only element
that can contribute the necessary electrons)
Manganese
Symptoms: stunted growth; deformation and chlorosis of new leaves; and poor shooting
and rooting
Manganese (Mn) Deficiency
This element participates in nitrogen fixation.
Molybdenum
Symptoms: yellowish margins and pale-green centers of mature leaves; stunted plant
growth; and leaves tend to curl upward
Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency
