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Plant Physio FINALS > Chapter 5 Solute Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Solute Transport Flashcards

1
Q

is described as the movement of molecules and ions from one place to
another.

A

Transport

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2
Q

movement of solutes into cells or within cells is primarily controlled by __
.

A

membranes

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3
Q

fluid nature of the plasma membrane is due to its composition of (4)

A

phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

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4
Q

The ____head
points outwards and is in contact with water inside and outside the cell

A

hydrophilic

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5
Q

the ___
tails composed of fatty acid chains point inwards, forming the membrane’s interior.

A

hydrophobic

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6
Q

two classifications of proteins that are linked to the lipid bilayer.

A

Integral
and peripheral proteins

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7
Q

___proteins are situated within the lipid bilayer where they aid in transporting molecules
through the membrane and serve as cell receptors

A

Integral

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8
Q

___proteins are connected to
the lipid bilayer’s surface and play a role in cell signaling and interactions.

A

peripheral

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9
Q

molecules move naturally from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane; no energy needed

A

Passive Transport

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10
Q

Types of Passive Transport (3)

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diff

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11
Q

Solute molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

___
drives diffusion

A

Random motion

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13
Q

the Random motion Movement is based on (3)

A

kinetic energy (speed),
charge, and mass of molecules

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14
Q

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Cell membranes are completely permeable to water

A

Osmosis

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15
Q

osmotic solutions (3)

A

hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic

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16
Q

high concentration of solute relative to another solution; water diffuses out of the cell, causing cell shrinkage.

A

Hypertonic Solutions

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17
Q

loss of
water causes the cell to shrink, a process called __in animal cells or ___in plant

A

crenation ;
plasmolysis

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18
Q

low concentration of solute relative to another solution; water diffuses into the cell; swelling or bursting may occur

A

Hypotonic Solutions

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19
Q

same concentration of solute as another solution; water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate

A

Isotonic Solutions

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20
Q

Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane with a protein and it does
not require energy

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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21
Q

___ is a process that helps larger or polar molecules cross the cell membrane
with the help of specific transport proteins. This allows substances that cannot pass through the
membrane by simple diffusion to enter the cell more efficiently

A

Facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

mode of transportation in plants, which uses stored energy to move the particles
against the concentration gradient with a protein from lower concentration to higher
concentration.

A

Active Transport

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23
Q

active transport type

A

pumps

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24
Q

pumps (2)

A

endocytosis
exocytosis

25
Q

eukaryotic cells (except mature erythrocytes) use the fundamental process of
____to capture extracellular molecules by enclosure within membrane vesicles

A

endocytosis

26
Q

cells use ___to engulf substances from outside; to feed themselves, to
defend themselves, and to maintain homeostasis

A

endocytosis

27
Q

Endocytosis is subdivided into two:

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis

28
Q

___ is the uptake of large particles (solid) into large vesicles called ___( for digestion and breakdown.)

A

phagocytosis; phagosomes

29
Q

__ is for the uptake of fluids and solutes into small ___vesicles for nutrient uptake

A

pinocytosis; pinocytic

30
Q

vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the contents to the outside

A

Exocytosis

31
Q

___in plants is the process of moving nutrients and organic compounds,
especially sugars, from the leaves—where they are produced through photosynthesis—to other
parts of the plant

A

Translocation

32
Q

translocation primarily occurs in the ___tissue, which consists of ____ and ____.

A

phloem; sieve
tubes; companion cells

33
Q

translocation process is driven by a ___ mechanism.

A

pressure flow

34
Q

translocation mechanism relies on the pressure difference between the __(areas rich in sugars) and
the __(areas where sugars are used or stored)

A

source;
sink

35
Q

are long,
hollow columns of cells fused end to end, with partially broken-down end walls

A

Sieve tube elements

36
Q

is like a plate with holes to allow the solutes to pass through

A

Sieve plate

37
Q

are connected
to companion cells, which are pores in their cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of the two
cells.

A

Plasmodesmata

38
Q

specialized cells has a nucleus, numerous ribosomes for protein synthesis, and mitochondria for
energy release; closely associated with sieve tube
elements

A

Companion cells

39
Q

is an aqueous
solution that flows through sieve tubes.

A

Phloem sap

40
Q

____ refers to the transfer of sugar from mesophyll cells (source) to sieve
tube elements

A

Phloem loading

41
Q

___refers to the transfer of sugar from sieve tube elements
to roots or other storage cells.

A

phloem unloading

42
Q

two primary mechanisms for loading sugars into the phloem:

A

symplastic
loading and apoplastic loading.

43
Q

sugars synthesized in the leaves are transferred directly from cell to cell
through the cytoplasm via plasmodesmata

A

Symplastic Loading

44
Q

This method is highly efficient because it allows for the movement of
sugars without crossing cell membranes multiple times

A

Symplastic Loading

45
Q

, which are microscopic channels connecting
adjacent plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

46
Q

This process involves the movement of sugars through the cell wall spaces, known as
the ___.

A

Apoplastic Loading ;apoplast

47
Q

sugars cannot directly enter the phloem cells due to the selective permeability of cell membranes; Instead, once sugars reach the phloem parenchyma, active
transport is required to load them into the sieve tubes.

A

Apoplastic Loading

48
Q

____, which are closely associated with sieve elements, utilize ATP to power specific transport proteins that facilitate
this active (apoplastic) loading process

A

Companion cells

49
Q

Phloem Unloading two main mechanisms

A

Passive Unloading
Active Unloading

50
Q

process of distributing sugars from the phloem to sink tissues

A

Phloem Unloading

51
Q

This process relies on concentration gradients;
when the concentration of sugars is higher in the phloem than in the surrounding cells, sugars
naturally move out of the phloem by passive diffusion

A

Passive Unloading

52
Q

some sinks—especially those with high metabolic demand, such as actively
growing roots or developing fruits—require more sugars than are readily available; thus active transport mechanisms come into play

A

Active Unloading

53
Q

___and other specialized cells utilize ATP to transport sugars against their concentration gradient,
effectively pulling more sugars from the phloem into the sink tissues

A

Companion cells

54
Q

a vital process in plant physiology,
responsible for the distribution of essential nutrients and organic compounds throughout the
plant

A

Sieve Tube Translocation

55
Q

Translocation relies on 4 key mechanisms

A

Loading
Osmosis
Bulk flow
unloading

56
Q

water from the xylem enters the phloem
through ___.

A

osmosis

57
Q

Water moves from areas of lower solute concentration (in the ___) to areas
of higher solute concentration (in the ___)

A

xylem;
phloem

58
Q

influx of water causes the phloem cells to swell, resulting in increased ____ within the sieve tubes.

A

turgor
pressure

59
Q

. Following the unloading of sugars, the concentration
of solutes in the phloem decreases, which reduces the ___ pressure. Water that has entered
the phloem will move back into the xylem through ___

A

osmotic;
osmosis

Plant Physio FINALS (12 decks)

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