Chapter 5 Solute Transport

Question 1

is described as the movement of molecules and ions from one place to
another.

Answer 1

Transport

Question 2

movement of solutes into cells or within cells is primarily controlled by __
.

Answer 2

membranes

Question 3

fluid nature of the plasma membrane is due to its composition of (4)

Answer 3

phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

Question 4

The ____head
points outwards and is in contact with water inside and outside the cell

Answer 4

hydrophilic

Question 5

the ___
tails composed of fatty acid chains point inwards, forming the membrane’s interior.

Answer 5

hydrophobic

Question 6

two classifications of proteins that are linked to the lipid bilayer.

Answer 6

Integral
and peripheral proteins

Question 7

___proteins are situated within the lipid bilayer where they aid in transporting molecules
through the membrane and serve as cell receptors

Answer 7

Integral

Question 8

___proteins are connected to
the lipid bilayer’s surface and play a role in cell signaling and interactions.

Answer 8

peripheral

Question 9

molecules move naturally from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane; no energy needed

Answer 9

Passive Transport

Question 10

Types of Passive Transport (3)

Answer 10

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diff

Question 11

Solute molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.

Answer 11

Diffusion

Question 12

___
drives diffusion

Answer 12

Random motion

Question 13

the Random motion Movement is based on (3)

Answer 13

kinetic energy (speed),
charge, and mass of molecules

Question 14

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Cell membranes are completely permeable to water

Answer 14

Osmosis

Question 15

osmotic solutions (3)

Answer 15

hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic

Question 16

high concentration of solute relative to another solution; water diffuses out of the cell, causing cell shrinkage.

Answer 16

Hypertonic Solutions

Question 17

loss of
water causes the cell to shrink, a process called __in animal cells or ___in plant

Answer 17

crenation ;
plasmolysis

Question 18

low concentration of solute relative to another solution; water diffuses into the cell; swelling or bursting may occur

Answer 18

Hypotonic Solutions

Question 19

same concentration of solute as another solution; water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate

Answer 19

Isotonic Solutions

Question 20

Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane with a protein and it does
not require energy

Answer 20

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 21

___ is a process that helps larger or polar molecules cross the cell membrane
with the help of specific transport proteins. This allows substances that cannot pass through the
membrane by simple diffusion to enter the cell more efficiently

Answer 21

Facilitated diffusion

Question 22

mode of transportation in plants, which uses stored energy to move the particles
against the concentration gradient with a protein from lower concentration to higher
concentration.

Answer 22

Active Transport

Question 23

active transport type

Answer 23

pumps

Question 24

pumps (2)

Answer 24

endocytosis
exocytosis

Question 25

eukaryotic cells (except mature erythrocytes) use the fundamental process of ____to capture extracellular molecules by enclosure within membrane vesicles

Answer 25

endocytosis

Question 26

cells use ___to engulf substances from outside; to feed themselves, to defend themselves, and to maintain homeostasis

Answer 26

endocytosis

Question 27

Endocytosis is subdivided into two:

Answer 27

phagocytosis pinocytosis

Question 28

___ is the uptake of large particles (solid) into large vesicles called ___( for digestion and breakdown.)

Answer 28

phagocytosis; phagosomes

Question 29

__ is for the uptake of fluids and solutes into small ___vesicles for nutrient uptake

Answer 29

pinocytosis; pinocytic

Question 30

vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the contents to the outside

Answer 30

Exocytosis

Question 31

___in plants is the process of moving nutrients and organic compounds, especially sugars, from the leaves—where they are produced through photosynthesis—to other parts of the plant

Answer 31

Translocation

Question 32

translocation primarily occurs in the ___tissue, which consists of ____ and ____.

Answer 32

phloem; sieve tubes; companion cells

Question 33

translocation process is driven by a ___ mechanism.

Answer 33

pressure flow

Question 34

translocation mechanism relies on the pressure difference between the __(areas rich in sugars) and the __(areas where sugars are used or stored)

Answer 34

source; sink

Question 35

are long, hollow columns of cells fused end to end, with partially broken-down end walls

Answer 35

Sieve tube elements

Question 36

is like a plate with holes to allow the solutes to pass through

Answer 36

Sieve plate

Question 37

are connected to companion cells, which are pores in their cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of the two cells.

Answer 37

Plasmodesmata

Question 38

specialized cells has a nucleus, numerous ribosomes for protein synthesis, and mitochondria for energy release; closely associated with sieve tube elements

Answer 38

Companion cells

Question 39

is an aqueous solution that flows through sieve tubes.

Answer 39

Phloem sap

Question 40

____ refers to the transfer of sugar from mesophyll cells (source) to sieve tube elements

Answer 40

Phloem loading

Question 41

___refers to the transfer of sugar from sieve tube elements to roots or other storage cells.

Answer 41

phloem unloading

Question 42

two primary mechanisms for loading sugars into the phloem:

Answer 42

symplastic loading and apoplastic loading.

Question 43

sugars synthesized in the leaves are transferred directly from cell to cell through the cytoplasm via plasmodesmata

Answer 43

Symplastic Loading

Question 44

This method is highly efficient because it allows for the movement of sugars without crossing cell membranes multiple times

Answer 44

Symplastic Loading

Question 45

, which are microscopic channels connecting adjacent plant cells

Answer 45

plasmodesmata

Question 46

This process involves the movement of sugars through the cell wall spaces, known as the ___.

Answer 46

Apoplastic Loading ;apoplast

Question 47

sugars cannot directly enter the phloem cells due to the selective permeability of cell membranes; Instead, once sugars reach the phloem parenchyma, active transport is required to load them into the sieve tubes.

Answer 47

Apoplastic Loading

Question 48

____, which are closely associated with sieve elements, utilize ATP to power specific transport proteins that facilitate this active (apoplastic) loading process

Answer 48

Companion cells

Question 49

Phloem Unloading two main mechanisms

Answer 49

Passive Unloading Active Unloading

Question 50

process of distributing sugars from the phloem to sink tissues

Answer 50

Phloem Unloading

Question 51

This process relies on concentration gradients; when the concentration of sugars is higher in the phloem than in the surrounding cells, sugars naturally move out of the phloem by passive diffusion

Answer 51

Passive Unloading

Question 52

some sinks—especially those with high metabolic demand, such as actively growing roots or developing fruits—require more sugars than are readily available; thus active transport mechanisms come into play

Answer 52

Active Unloading

Question 53

___and other specialized cells utilize ATP to transport sugars against their concentration gradient, effectively pulling more sugars from the phloem into the sink tissues

Answer 53

Companion cells

Question 54

a vital process in plant physiology, responsible for the distribution of essential nutrients and organic compounds throughout the plant

Answer 54

Sieve Tube Translocation

Question 55

Translocation relies on 4 key mechanisms

Answer 55

Loading Osmosis Bulk flow unloading

Question 56

water from the xylem enters the phloem through ___.

Answer 56

osmosis

Question 57

Water moves from areas of lower solute concentration (in the ___) to areas of higher solute concentration (in the ___)

Answer 57

xylem; phloem

Question 58

influx of water causes the phloem cells to swell, resulting in increased ____ within the sieve tubes.

Answer 58

turgor pressure

Question 59

. Following the unloading of sugars, the concentration of solutes in the phloem decreases, which reduces the ___ pressure. Water that has entered the phloem will move back into the xylem through ___

Answer 59

osmotic; osmosis