Chapter 7 Respiration

Question 1

Cellular respiration can occur through two primary pathways

Answer 1

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 2

__ is a fundamental metabolic process in all green
plants, where it utilizes oxygen to metabolize photosynthetic products like glucose and
starch.

Answer 2

Aerobic respiration

Question 3

key stages in respiration

Answer 3

Glycolysis
TCA/Krebs cycle
ETC

Question 4

Where it occurs:

Glycolysis=
TCA/Krebs cycle=
ETC=

Answer 4

Glycolysis= cytoplasm
TCA/Krebs cycle= mitochondrial matrix
ETC= inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 5

glucose is broken down
into pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP and reducing equivalents in the form of
NADH.

Answer 5

Glycolysis

Question 6

2 phase of glycolysis

Answer 6

Investment phase (first five stages);
Pay-off phase

Question 7

the Investment phase of glycolysis is an ___
reaction, in which they give energy

Answer 7

endothermic

Question 8

Pay-off phase:
4 ___,
2 ____, and
2 ___molecules.

Answer 8

ATP;
NADH + H+;
pyruvate

Question 9

which of the 10 step of glycolysis are the regulatory steps?

Answer 9

steps 1,2 and 7

Question 10

where pyruvate is further
oxidized. This cycle produces additional NADH and FADH₂, as well as ATP and CO₂.
This process includes eight (8) steps.

Answer 10

Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle:

Question 11

final step, the electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂ are transferred through a series of protein complexes

Answer 11

Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain

Question 12

The foundational compounds utilized in this process originate from the
metabolic pathways involved in __and ___. The byproducts
of these pathways serve as vital building blocks, known as __ or __

Answer 12

glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle;
carbon skeletons or
biosynthetic precursors

Question 13

Anaerobic pathway begins with ___, where glucose is partially broken
down to produce a small amount of ATP

Answer 13

glycolysis

Question 14

The last and final stage of the respiration in plants occurs in the inner
mitochondrial membrane specifically in the electron transport chain in a process called ___

Answer 14

oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 15

is the primary energy producer in cellular
respiration. It generates the majority of ATP

Answer 15

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

series of protein complexes and small
molecules located in the inner membrane of mitochondria; main function is to transfer electrons from electron
carriers, such as NADH and FADH₂, to oxygen, the final electron acceptor, while
simultaneously pumping protons (H⁺) across the membrane to generate a proton
gradient.

Answer 16

electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 17

Protein components involved in the Electron Transport Chain (7)

Answer 17

NADH-Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase (Complex I) ;
Succinic-Coenzyme Q Dehydrogenase (Complex II);
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q);
Coenzyme Q-cytochrome C complex (Complex III) ;
Cytochrome C;
Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV);
ATP Synthase

Question 18

This protein complex is the first entry point for protons through the electron
transport chain. It catalyzes the oxidation of NADH by coenzyme Q10
(Ubiquinone).

Answer 18

NADH-Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase (Complex I)

Question 19

This protein complex is the second entry point for protons into the electron
transport chain. Catalyzes the oxidation of FADH2 by coenzyme Q10.

Answer 19

Succinic-Coenzyme Q Dehydrogenase (Complex II)

Question 20

Carrier protein that functions as an electron carrier and transfers electrons from
complex I/II to complex III.

Answer 20

Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)

Question 21

This complex catalyzes the oxidation of QH2 and the reduction of cytochrome
c and ferritin. Cytochrome c carries an electron in this reaction.

Answer 21

Coenzyme Q-cytochrome C complex (Complex III)

Question 22

Protein that carries electrons from one complex of integral membrane proteins
of the inner mitochondrial membrane to another

Answer 22

Cytochrome C

Question 23

The final protein complex in the electron transport chain, this protein mediates
the transfer of electrons to the final electron acceptor, oxygen.

Answer 23

Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV)

Question 24

This enzyme uses the proton-motive force generated by the proton
concentration gradient to phosphorylate ADP and form ATP.

Answer 24

ATP Synthase

Question 25

process of oxidative phosphorylation begins with

Answer 25

NADH and FADH2

Question 26

is a highly electronegative molecule, meaning it has a strong affinity for electrons.

Answer 26

Oxygen

Question 27

Other Function of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Plants (2)

Answer 27

Photorespiration; Redox Balance

Question 28

is a wasteful process in plants that occurs when oxygen is mistakenly incorporated into the Calvin cycle instead of carbon dioxide. This "mistake" happens under conditions such as high temperatures and low CO2 levels, when oxygen competes for the enzyme RuBisCO, which normally catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation

Answer 28

Photorespiration

Question 29

In photorespiration, Instead of producing glucose, this error leads to the formation of ___, a less efficient byproduct that can harm the plant and reduces photosynthetic efficiency

Answer 29

glycolate

Question 30

in OXPHOS, proton pumps create an electrochemical ____ gradient and this gradient powers ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

Answer 30

proton gradient

Question 31

when managing excess reducing equivalents during photosynthesis, plant mitochondria can bypass ATP generation by utilizing ___ or mitochondrial ___

Answer 31

alternative oxidases (AOXs); uncoupling proteins (UCPs)

Question 32

transfer electrons directly to oxygen, forming water without proton pumping

Answer 32

. AOXs alternative oxidases

Question 33

allow protons to return to the mitochondrial matrix without driving ATP synthesis

Answer 33

UCPs uncoupling proteins

Question 34

movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase. It involves the coupling of endergonic reactions and exergonic reactions within the mitochondria.

Answer 34

Chemiosmosis

Question 35

Key Mechanisms in Oxidative Phosphorylation (2)

Answer 35

Chemiosmosis Electron Transport Chain as Controlled Energy Release

Question 36

serves as the coupling mechanism between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.

Answer 36

Chemiosmosis

Question 37

Importance of Oxidative Phosphorylation (3)

Answer 37

Energy Production Alternative for Photosynthesis Stress Responses

Question 38

INTERNAL FACTORS controlling respiration (5)

Answer 38

Type of substrate Photosynthesis Age and type of tissue Biological stress Genotype or species

Question 39

Respiratory substrate may be (3)

Answer 39

carbohydrate, protein or fats

Question 40

The kind of substrate being oxidized can be determined by measuring the ___

Answer 40

Respiratory Quotient

Question 41

EXTERNAL FACTORS controlling respiration (4)

Answer 41

Oxygen Temperature CO2 levels Light

Question 42

phenomenon, where anaerobic respiration is inhibited by the presence of oxygen, is known as the ___

Answer 42

Pasteur effect.

Question 43

plant species has an optimal temperature range for respiration, generally between __

Answer 43

18°C and 40°C

Question 44

The relationship between temperature and respiration is often described by the ___, indicating that respiration rates typically change proportionally with every 10°C shift

Answer 44

Q10 effect

Question 45

Enzyme activity is most effective between ___

Answer 45

30°C and 35°C

Question 46

is an anaerobic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate and producing a small amount of ATP (2 net ATP) and NADH

Answer 46

Glycolysis

Question 47

is an aerobic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, further breaking down pyruvate into CO2 and producing a significant amount of ATP (2 ATP), NADH, and FADH2, which are then used in the electron transport chain to generate more ATP

Answer 47

Krebs cycle

Question 48

ATP synthesis without involvement of electron transport

Answer 48

SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

Question 49

products of glycolysis and which step they were produced

Answer 49

4 ATP (Net yield: 2 ATP) (Steps 7 and 10) 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Step 6) 2 H2O (Step 9) 2 pyruvate (Step 10)

Question 50

Krebs cycle: For every Acetyl CoA that enters it produces:

Answer 50

3 NADH (steps 3, 4, and 8) 1 FADH2 (step 6) 1 ATP (step 5)