Chapter 9 : Nervous System Flashcards
The two principal divisions that make up the nervous system are the
Peripheral and central
The two types of cells found in the nervous system are
Neurons and glia cells
The part of the neuron that carries impulses to the neuron cell body is the
Dendrite
The part of the neuron that carries impulses away from the neuron cell body is the
Axon
The types of neurons that carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord are called
Sensory neurons
The type of neurons that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord are called
- Motor neurons
-efferent neurons
Interneurons
A neuron which transmits impulses between other neurons (part of a reflex)
Cells that produce myelin for the cells of the brain and spinal cord are the
oligodendrocytes
Cells that are important in the blood-brain barrier are the
Astrocytes
Cells that produce myelin for cells outside the brain and spinal cord are the
Schwann cells
Glia cells that act as microbe- eating cells are the
Microglia
The tough fibrous health covering the whole nerve is called the
Epineurium
Reflexes can be …
- Two neurons
- three neurons
A synapse is
- A gap between neurons
- Crossed by a chemical
- separates the a on end of one neuron from the dendrite of the next
The difference between a three and two neuron reflex is that a three neuron reflex…
Includes an interneuron
The resting neuron
Has a slight positive change on the exterior
When a section of the resting neuron is stimulated
- Sodium ions rush into the cell
- The interior of the cell becomes slightly positive
When the nerve impulse encounters a myelin- covered section of neuron
it jumps over the myelin
A synapse includes
a very narrow synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
can diffuse back into the synaptic knob
The brainstem includes the
pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata
The ―vital centers‖ (the cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers) are located in the
medulla oblongata
The association of sensation with emotion occurs in the
thalamus
The regulation of the sleep cycle, water balance, and the production of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) occurs in the
hypothalamus
The coordination of muscle movement and the maintenance of equilibrium occur in the
cerebellum
Which of the following neurotransmitter is a catecholamine?
Dopamine
The right and left sides of the cerebrum are connected by the
corpus callosum
A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurring in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum would
affect
vision
The ridges in the cerebrum are called
gyri
The functions of the spinal cord include
the primary reflex center
The tough outer layer of meninges is called the
dura mater
The autonomic nervous system consists of neurons that conduct impulses from the central
nervous system to
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- glandular tissue
Which axon releases norepinephrine?
A sympathetic postganglionic axon
The parasympathetic nervous system
releases acetylcholine from its postganglionic axons
The sympathetic nervous system
- is called the thoracolumbar system
- releases norepinephrine from its preganglionic axon
The axon of an afferent neuron could synapse with
an interneuron
An axon of an efferent neuron could synapse with
a muscle cell
An efferent neuron carries impulses in the direction opposite that of
- a sensory neuron
- an afferent neuron
Going from the interior to the exterior of a nerve, the layers of connective tissue would be
endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
Which of the following is a morphinelike neurotransmitter that acts as a natural pain killer?
Endorphin
Which structure is part of the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
Associates sensation with emotion
The lobe of the brain that deals with vision is the
occipital lobe
The lobe of the brain that contains the auditory area is the
temporal lobe
The somatic nervous system controls actions of
skeletal muscles
A group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is called a
ganglion
Which nervous system makes up part of the autonomic nervous system?
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine as part of which nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Which is also called the thoracolumbar nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system
In which nervous system does the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic
neurons usually occur some distance away from the spinal cord?
Parasympathetic nervous system
As part of which nervous system do preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic
neurons going to many different efferent organs?
Sympathetic nervous system
As part of which nervous system do preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine?
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Which nervous system dominates the control of effector organs under normal, everyday
conditions?
Parasympathetic nervous system
In which nervous system does the synapse of the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
usually occur close to the spinal cord?
Sympathetic nervous system
As part of which nervous system do postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which nervous system is also called the craniosacral nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
The nervous system and this are the two body-wide communication systems
Endocrine
Which of the following is not considered part of the nervous system as a whole?
-The brain
-The spinal cord
-The eyes
These types of neurons are sometimes called connecting neurons
interneurons
Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells are called
the nodes of Ranvier
The word glia comes from the Greek word meaning
glue
A glioma is
a type of tumor
Myelinated bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called
-tracts
-white matter
A nerve is
a group of axons
A nerve impulse is also called a(n)
action potential
Which of the following is not true of the cerebellum?
It has gray matter tracts in its interior called the arbor vitae
This neurotransmitter is not a catecholamine
acetylcholine
Some of the neurons in this structure function as endocrine glands
hypothalamus
In the cerebrum, the islands of gray matter within the white matter are called the
- cerebral basal nuclei
- basal ganglia
The innermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord is called the
pia mater
The middle membrane covering the brain and spinal cord is called the
arachnoid mater
The total number of pairs of both spinal and cranial nerves is
43
Synaptic Knob
Part of the axon that releases neurotransmitters
Dendrite
Highly branched part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body
Microglia
Microbe eaters in the brain
Interneuron
Connects sensory and motor neurons in a reflex arc
Synaptic cleft
Small space between the end of one axon and the next neuron
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter that is a catecholamine
Axon
Part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
Schwann cell
Cells that produce myelin for cells in the peripheral nervous system
Astrocyte
Cells that function in the blood-brain barrier
Enkephalins
Neurotransmitter that functions as a natural pain killer
Cell body
Main part of the neuron
Saltatory conduction
Type of nerve impulse that jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
Efferent neurons
Type of neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system
Oligodendrocyte
Glia cell that produces myelin for the central nervous system
Afferent neuron
Type of neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the central nervous system
Neurotransmitter
Carries a nerve impulse across a synapse
Nodes of Ranvier
Indentations in between Schwann cells
Cerebellum
Structure that controls balance and muscle coordination
Brainstem
Structure that contains the ―vital centers‖ for the body
Corpus callosum
Structure that allows the right and left sides of the brain to communicate
Sulcus
Shallow groove in the cerebrum
Spinal cord
Primary reflex center for the body
Hypothalamus
Structure that regulates body temperature and produces ADH
Gyrus
Ridge in the cerebrum
Thalamus
Structure that links sensation with emotion and is part of the alerting mechanism for the brain
Temporal lobe
Lobe of the cerebrum that interprets incoming auditory impulses as sound
Occipital lobe
Lobe of the cerebrum that deals with vision
Corpus callosum
Group of nerves that connect the right and left sides of the brain
Dermatome
Skin surface that is supplied by a single spinal nerve
Dura mater
Outermost and toughest of the meninges
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of these make up part of the peripheral nervous system
Arachnoid mater
'’Cobweb’’ like part of the meninges
Sympathetic nervous system
Regulates the ―fight-or-flight‖ response
Pia mater
Thin innermost layer of the meninges
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of these make up part of the peripheral nervous system
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that is released from the postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic
nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sometimes called the craniosacral nervous system
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that is released from the postganglionic axon or the sympathetic nervous
system
Accessory
Shoulder movement and turning movement of the head
Trochlear
Eye movement
Olfactory
Sense of smell
Facial
Sense of taste, contraction of muscles of facial expression
Hypoglossal
Tongue movements
Optic
Sense of vision
Trigeminal
Sensations of face, scalp, and teeth; chewing movements
Vestibulocochlear
Hearing and sense of balance
Glossopharyngeal
Sensations of throat, taste, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva
Vagus
Sensations of throat and larynx and of thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice
production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis
