chapter 17: nutrition and metabolism

Question 1

the term that refers to the food we eat and nutrients they contain

Answer 1

nutrition

Question 2

____ is a nutritional guid that promotes variety, moderation and better food choices

Answer 2

Myplate

Question 3

how the body uses nutrients after they have been digested, absorbed and transported to cells

Answer 3

metabolism

Question 4

occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells and undergo various chemical changes

Answer 4

assimilation

Question 5

releases energy as it breaks down nutrient molecules into smaller molecules

Answer 5

catabolism

Question 6

is the process that builds up nutirnt molecules and combines smaller molecules into more complex chemical compounds

Answer 6

anabolism

Question 7

the ____ plays a major role in metabolism

Answer 7

liver

Question 8

• the liver helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
  -the liver cells carry on the first steps of protein and lipid metabolism
  -the liver can detoxify toxic substances such as bacteria and drugs

Answer 8

the liver stores iron, vitamin A and D

Question 9

prothrombin and fibrinogen are plasma proteins formed by liver cells that are blood clotting

Question 10

albumin is another protein made by liver cells - it helps maintain normal blood volume

Question 11

the hepatic portal vein delivers blood directly from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

Question 12

the big 3 nutrients in our diet are macronutrients
-carbohydrates (carbs)
-lipids (fat and oils)
-proteins

Question 13

vitamins and minerals = micronutrients
only required in small quantities

Question 14

carbs are the most preferred energy nutrient of the body , because it composed of smaller building blocks of glucose

Answer 14

glucose is the preferred source of energy for body cells

Question 15

glucose catabolism invovles 3 series of chemical reactions “metabolic pathways”
1. Glycolysis
2.Citric Acid Cycle - mostly where glucose is released
3.Electron Transportation System- mostly where gulcose is released

Answer 15

electrin transportation system, transfers energy from these electrons to molecules of ATP

Question 16

direct source of energy

Answer 16

ATP

Question 17

glycognesis- builds up glycogen

Answer 17

glycogenolysis- breaks down glycogen

Question 18

insulin increases glucose transportation through cell membranes.

insulin secretion increases = more glucose leaves the blood and enter liver cells

Question 19

hyperglycemia = high blood glucose

Question 20

growth hormone, cortisol, epinephrine and glucagon increase blood glucose

Question 21

amino acids- must be built

essential amino acids- must be provided in diet

nonessenitial amino acids- can be missing from the diet and made up by the body

Question 22

vitamins = organic molecules needed in small quantities for normal metabolism
(molecules consist of enzymes)

Answer 22

vitamin A = detecting light in sensory cells of the retina
Vitamin D = can be converted to a hormone that helps regulate calcium homeostasis in the body
Vitamin E = acts as a antioxidant that prevents highly reactive oxygen molecules from damaging DNA molecules in cell membranes

Question 23

lipid soluble vitamins = A,D,E,K
the body stores in liver for later use

water soluble vitamins = B and C (the body cannot store so they must be supplied in our diet)

Question 24

mineral = inorganic elements

Question 25

the _____ is the diencephalon of the brain

which promotes the appetite center (how hungry we are) and the satiety center (how full we are)

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the number of calories of heat that must be produced per hour by catabolism to keep the body alive, awake and warm
(how nutrients are breaken down in basal conditions)

Question 27

the total metabolic rate (TMR) is the total amountof energy used per day

Answer 27

when the number of calories = TMR your weight remains the same

when food intake provides more calories than your TMR = you gain weight

when you food intake has fewer calories than your TMR = you loss weight

Question 28

maintaining homeostasis of body temperture

Answer 28

thermoregulation

Question 29

normal range of temperture (36VC - 37.6 C) or
(97 F - 100 F)

Answer 29

when body is over heated blood flow to the skin increases

Question 30

flow of heat waves from the blood and skin

Answer 30

radiation

Question 31

transfer of heat energy to the skin and then to cooler external environment (ice pack)

Answer 31

conduction

Question 32

transfer of heat energy to cooler air that is continually flowing away from the skin
(ice pack)

Answer 32

convection

Question 33

escape of heat from the blood and skin by water (sweat) vaporation

Answer 33

evaporation