chapter 20 : Acid- Base Balance

Question 1

acid base balance = keeping the concentration of hydrogens ions in body fluids constant

Question 2

all water solutions contain hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide (OH-)

Question 3

a solution’s hydrogen ion concentration compared with hydroxide concentration

Answer 3

PH

Question 4

PH 7.0 = neutral (water )

Question 5

a PH higher than 7.0
(lower concentration of hydrogen than hydroxide ions)

Answer 5

alkaline

Question 6

a PH lower than 7.0
(Higher hydrogen ion concentration than hydroxide ions)
(the higher the hydrogen ions concentration the lower the PH)

Answer 6

acid

Question 7

gastric juices is the most acidic substance in the body (PH is 1.6)

saliva PH is 7.7 which is alkaline

blood PH is 7.35 - 7.45

(aterial and venous blood refer to the systemic circulation)

Answer 7

venous blood 7.37 (less alkaline)
aterial blood 7.45

Question 8

the change of 1 ph unit represents a 10 fold difference in hydrogen ion
ph 7 - ph 6 is a 10 fold increase
ph 7 to ph 5 is a 100 fold increase
ph 5 to ph 7 is a 100 fold decrease

Question 9

the body has 2 types of mechanisms regulating the ph of its fluids

1. chemical ph control mechanism = based on buffers which acts immediately to prevent harmful swings in ph when an acid or base is added to it
2. physiological ph control mechanism = reverse harmful ph shifts by respiration

Answer 9

chemical ph control mechanisms = use exchange reactions to lessen the effects of acids and bases on ph

physiologocial ph control mechanism = eliminating substances from the body or retaining substances in the body divided into ( respiratory/ urinray mechanisms)

Question 10

the lungs remove more than 30ml of carbonic acid each day from the venous blood by elimination of carbon dioxide

Question 11

The main blood buffer is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Answer 11

NaHCO3 is the main buffer of the normally occurring “fixed” acids in the blood

lactic acid is one of the most abundant of the “fixed” acids (acids that do not break down to form gas)

H2CO3 is the most abundant acid in body fluids because it is formed by buffering fixed acids

Question 12

ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to counteract the effects of lactic acid build up

Answer 12

bicarbonate loading

Question 13

respiratory mechanisms relies on ventilation (breathing) to control ph in the body

Answer 13

every expiration, CO2 diffused out of the pulmonary blood as it moves through the lund capillaries ( if no CO2 leaves your body CO2 would increase)

Question 14

urninary mechanism control depends on normal functions of the kidneys

Answer 14

kidneys are the most regulators of blood ph, they excrete excess base
more acids than bases are excreted by kidneys

Question 15

diabetic ketoacidosis = causes the blood to become dangerously acidic

Answer 15

ketonuris = the excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine

Question 16

vomitting = emesis , which is the forcible emptying or explusion of gastric intestinal contents through the mouth

Answer 16

metabolic alkalosis = repetitive vomitinf that continues over time

Question 17

hypoventilation = respiratory acidosis

Answer 17

hyperventilation = respiratory alkalosis

Question 18

Pco2 = respiratory (35- 45)
HCO3 = equal ( 22 - 26)

Question 19

metabolic is used if ph and equal is high or if ph and equal is low
example: ph is 7.22 and (equal) HCO3 is 22 = metabolic acidosis

Question 20

if ph is 7.50 and respiratory (Pco2) is 30 = respiratory alkalosis