Chapter 19: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
homeostasis of body fluids, where input and output are balanced
fluid balance
the total volume of water in the body have increased or decreased beyond normal amounts
fluid imbalance
substances that are electrically charged group of ions
electrolytes
a group of atoms
ions
homeostasis of normal electrolyte levels in the body fluids
electrolyte balance
the most abundant compound in the body
water
total water volume for infant
75%
total water volume for male
60%
total water volume for female
50%
a group of seperated spaces in the body that function all in one compartment
fliud compartment
extracellular and intracellular are the two major fluid ______
compartments
consist mainly of the liquid part of whole blood (plasma) found in blood vessels
extracellular
fluid that surrounds the cells
interstital fluid
fluid that consist of cerebrospinal fluid, fluids of the eyeball and synovial joint fluids
transcellular fluid
the largest volume of body fluid located inside of all cells of the body
intracellular fluid
theses are examples of fluid ______
-water in foods we eat
-liquids we drink
-water formed by catabolism of nutrients (cellular respiration)
fluid intake
these are examples of water ______
-water evapor lost when we exhale
-sweat that evaporates from the skin
-urine output by the kidney
-water lost in feces
output
fluid _____ occurs in the kidney, lungs, skin and intestines
output
which organ excrete the most fluid output
kidney
antidiueretic hormone released from posterior pitutary gland ______ and the Extracellular fluid ______
increases , decreases
which hormone promotes water reabsorption from the kidney tubule back to the blood
anti- diueretic (ADH)
which hormones reduces water output
anti-diuretic (ADH) and aldosterone
which hormone increases sodium NA+ reaborption from the kidney tubles
aldosterone
which hormone increases urine volume
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
which hormone is released when blood volume is higher than normal which stretches the atrium, and promotes sodium loss from the kidney tubules
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
factors that adjust fluid output
electrolytes and blood proteins
the ____ is the mobile medium that can move fluids around quickly to even out any local fluid imbalances
blood plasma
______ blood pressure is a “water- pushing” force
capillary
if capillary blood pressure decreases less ____ filters out of blood into interstital fluid
fluid
changes blood and interstital fluid volumes
fluid shift
hold water into the blood and can pull additional water into the blood from interstital fluid “water pulling”
plasma proteins
abnormally high or low volumes of one or more body fluids
fluid imbalances
significant loss of only water from the body
dehydration
hot weather and excercise cause increases in water _____ maily by sweating
output
diarrhea and vomitting are causes of
dehydration
a clinical sign of dehydration, of decreased resilency
turgor
having more water in the body than needed, rapid loss of water in urine
overhydration
rapidly drinking large volumes of water and not excreting the urine out
water intoxication
carry a positive or negative electrical charge
ions
positively charged ions (sodium)
cautions
negatively chargred ions (chloride)
anions
these are sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium
cations
these are chloride, bicarbonate, phosphates
anions
proteins can be anionic when they contain negatively charged amino acids
in _____ fluid sodium is the dominate postively ion and chloride is the dominate negative ion
extracellular fluid
in _____ fluid potassium is positive and anionic proteins are negative
intracellular fluid
____ is required for hemoglobin production
iron
_____ must be available for synthesis of thyroid hormones
iodine
____ is required for nerve conduction and muscle contraction
electrolytes
tissue swelling, abnormally large amounts of fluid in the interstital tissue spaces of the body
edema
swollen subcutaneous tissue that do not rapidly refill after you push down on it
pitting edema
the _____ acts as the chief regulator of sodium levels in body fluids
kidney
diruption in levels of normal chemical activity of a particular electrolyte
electrolyte imbalance
hypernatremia - blood sodium level is more than 145
overuse of table salt, dehydration and diarrhea
hyponatremia - when the blood sodium level is below 136
too much water in extracellular fluid, excessive salt loss resulting from burns or diuretics. causes headaches, confusion, seizures, coma or death
normal range for potassium 3.5 - 5.1
hyperkalemia - blood potassium levels or more than 5.1
caused by tissue trauma/ burns, renal failure or inability of the kidneys to excrete excess potassium
hypoklameia - low blood potassium below 3.5
caused by abuse of laxatives, extreme weight loss, loss of potassium through diarrhea, vomitting and gastric suction
normal range for calcium is 4.2 - 5.25
8.4 - 10.5
hypercalcemia - blood calcium levels is higher than normal more than 5.25
fatigue, muscle weakness, diminished reflexes, impaired cardiac conduction
hypocalcemia - blood calcium level is lower than 4.2
muscle cramping and twiching of muscles, hyperactive reflexescardiac dysrthymia
an abnormal spasm of facial muscles (in hypocalcemic patients)
chvostek sign
