Chapter 9 Middle Childhood Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Middle Childhood is…

Answer 1

Elementary school

Question 2

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Answer 2

• slow, regular pattern
• girls are shorter and lighter than boys until about age 9 then they are bigger than boys
• Lower body grows faster
• flexible muscles and bones lengthen
• All permanent teeth arrived and wisdom teeth later

Question 3

Common Health problems:

Answer 3

• vision: Myopia…near sightedness
• hearing: Otitis media (middle ear infection)
• malnutrition
• obesity increases
• illnesses increases (tonsils are normally taken out during this time)
• Injuries (very common due to play)
• poisoning
• drowning
• car crashes (between ages 3 and middle childhood)

Question 4

The hallmark of concrete operational thought is: 
Abstract
Logical
Not Logical 
Tied to puberty

Answer 4

Logical

Question 5

Middle childhood is related to which of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 5

Concrete operational thought (7-11)

Question 6

What is conservation during this stage?

Answer 6

Now: the child can know the amount is the same as long as you do not add or take away

Before: the child could not see that the amount was the same being put into a new glass and thought the amounts were different if looking at a glass holding the same amount.

Question 7

Decentration is?

Answer 7

The child can now think about 2 aspects of a problem at a time in comparison to just thinking about 1.

Example: a child can look at a lollipop and see the color, size, shape, smell and focus on those other aspects as well instead of one, known as centration.

Question 8

Reversibility is?

Answer 8

The child can reverse the steps of a process.
Example: Seeing that clay is not a solid line but is also a ball, reversing the steps of turning the clay back into a ball.

Before: the child could not see the reversed steps of a process and will be confused as to how the line of clay is also a ball.

Problem with this: The child can see that everything can reversed and try to reverse everything if broken, dropped, etc… Not always everything can be fixed… See the problem here?

Question 9

Classification is?

Answer 9

The child can classify two or more things now.

Example: They know that mom is a Mechanic and a sister

Before: the child could only think of the mom as being one thing, known as centrism.
Example: Mom was mom and that is it.

Question 10

Seriation and Transitive inference

Answer 10

SERIATION:
the ability to order items by length or weight.
(i.e., when a child orders sticks by size, smallest to largest.)

TRANSITIVE INFERENCE:
The child has some but not all information and can infer the rest of the information.

Example: the child can take parts of a story and put it together, or a child can take objects and put them into size and order.

OR

The child can look at three sticks and see that A>B>C which must mean that A>C.

Question 11

Spatial Reasoning

Answer 11

The child can tell how far things are and look at the relative distance.

For example, when looking at mountains, the size of the mountain can help provide the child and idea of how far or close a mountain range is.

Before: the child could not see the distance of the mountains and just saw that the mountains were all “close” rather than having higher spatial reasoning.

Question 12

Short term memory involves…?

Answer 12

Attentional processes known as:

• control
• plan-fulness
• adaptability

Question 13

Control in short term memory is?

Answer 13

It is what the child focuses on

Question 14

Plan-fulness in short term memory is?

Answer 14

orders in which a child can do stuff

Question 15

Adaptability in short term memory is?

Answer 15

the child’s ability to adapt to shift his/her attention from one thing to another

Question 16

ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Answer 16

it is an impulsive thing that hinders the child and creates a hard time when planning, control, or adapting to a situation.

Example: A child will have a hard time focusing on a subject while focusing on the order in which to study for lessons within the subject. The child will also have a hard time focusing at home with all of the toys around distracting them while trying to do homework.

Question 17

ADHD genetics:

Answer 17

runs in families genetics, as well as teratogenic substances being present during pregnancy. (heavy metals are an example)

Question 18

How to control ADHD

Answer 18

stimulant medications like adderral, liderin, and conserta

behavioral cognitive strategies like treatment or therapy.

Question 19

Individuals w ADHD have problems with which attentional processes? 
control
adaptability
planfullness
all of the above

Answer 19

all of the above

Question 20

Rehearsal is?

Answer 20

studying, viewing, or revisiting a specific subject, idea, or thing.

So, for individuals with ADHD, it is hard to study for specific subjects or tests because they cannot focus or care to focus on rehearsing for it.

Question 21

Processing capacity?

Answer 21

A person or individual with ADHD can process about 5 things due to low attention span

Question 22

Long term memory is?

Answer 22

accessible through out life span if visited frequently

Question 23

Elaborative rehearsal is?

Answer 23

creating pictures of items make stuff meaningful to you

Question 24

Organization is?

Answer 24

organizing material well, or organizing it for proper compartmentalization

Question 25

Metacognition

Answer 25

thinking about thinking- thinking about questions on an exam

Question 26

Transition in school

Answer 26

• decrease grades when transitioning due to higher standards
• less support teaching-learning environment
• lower self esteem in boys
• better self esteem when it goes elem-middle-high than elem-mid/high.