Chapter 4 Infant Physical Development Flashcards
Infant Physical Development, we are looking at what ages?
Neonate to 5 years of age.
Physical Growth of infants
- Girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys
- they gain baby fat until about 9 months, then get slimmer
- grow in spurts
You can tell when babies are going through a growth spurt when…
they are cranky, they are feverish, and when they have an increase in hunger.
When is the 2nd most rapid growth spurt?
Infancy
When is the 1st and 3rd?
1st = prenatal 3rd = adolescence
What are the different type of growth trends?
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal
What is Cephalocaudal?
When the lower part of the body grows later than the head. (“Head to tail”)
What is Proximodistal?
When the extremities grow later than the head, chest, and trunk. (“Near to far”)
The head is the fastest growing part of the body early in life, This is the _________ trend?
cephalocaudal
Skeletal Growth in infants… (Anatomy Review question)
Fontanels, sutures, bone shaft, growth plate, and upper epiphysis.
Why are fontanels so important? (2 main reasons)
1- allows for head deformation during birth through the vaginal canal
2- allows for brain development to to the age of 2
What happens if there is a genotype problem with the child?
Medical intervention can help the child phenotypically
What happens if there is growth plate damage?
There will be damaged growth.
Why should we choose breast milk over formula milk?
Breast milk has antibodies, vitamins and produces what the baby needs. It also helps mom lose the baby weight due to high metabolic rate and has a low chance of getting pregnant again due to lactation.
What is a wet nurse?
Is a woman that is giving a mother her breast milk for the babies formula.
When should you introduce “solid” foods within the babies diet?
During the 6 month period of the babies life.
What does this “solid” food look like?
Mushy
Should you incorporate more than one food in a babies diet a day?
No, you should only incorporate 1 new food item a day due to allergies and GI reactions.
Should you give your baby honey?
No, it is bad for babies as it holds a bacteria that they cannot break down yet. It is very thick and they can choke on it as well as it containing a lot of sugar.
Malnutrition and its two types:
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
What is Marasmus?
It is a type of malnutrition that results in malnourishment
What is Kwashiorkor?
It is a type of malnutrition that results in not having enough protein
What is synaptic pruning?
when the neurons that are not being used are eliminated in order to increase the space and efficiency of neural transmissions.
What is branching?
connections b/w neurons
What is the myelin sheath?
A protective covering over the axon which allows for fast and efficient transmissions to occur.
Glial cells are…?
most abundant cells within the CNS + protect neuron
The fatty substance that builds up on the neurons is _______ and it ________.
myelin; speeds up transmissions
The four types of lobes are:
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
What are indentions of the brain called?
Sulci
What are the folds and bumps of the brain called?
Gyri
Name the different types of cortexes:
Motor, sensory, auditory, visual
What does the motor cortex control?
fine motor skills, gross motor, writing, etc.
What does the sensory cortex control?
sensation, fingers, mouth, face, afferent and efferent neurons.
What does the auditory cortex control?
frequencies and sound
What does the visual cortex control?
sight
What is a motor homunculus?
basically shows the part of the body if the body grew in similarity with the cortexes.
What is proprioception?
When we are aware of where out body parts are without seeing them
What is the prefrontal association complex?
it allows for planning actions and movements as well as abstract thought
Within infancy, which lobe is not as processed or used?
Frontal, low filter
What is the limbic system and its functions?
involved with emotion (amygdala) and memory (hippocampus)
Limbic system and abnormal effects:
PTSD and multiple personality disorder
Frontal lobe functions:
planning and abstract thought
Temporal lobe functions:
hearing
Occipital lobe functions:
sight
Pariteal lobe functions;
sensation and perception
What separates the left and right hemisphere?
Corpos callosum
Broca’s area is:
production of speech
Wrenicke’s area is:
speech comprehension
Left Hemisphere
sensory information control of right side of body verbal abilities positive emotion sequential and analytical processing
Right Hemisphere
sensory information control left side of the body spatial abilities negative emotion holistic processing
The left hemisphere is related to?
language and analytical thought
Cerebellum’s function is…
understanding, balance, and is now tied to social functioning.
Why are individuals with autism socially awkward?
Their cerebellum is not functioning properly
REM decreases substantially when we grow? True or False
True
We are more likely to wake up during REM sleep? True or False
True
Sleep is vital because?
It helps with stimulating the brain for normal development
Boys are more active than girls? True or False
True
Pavlov introduced what kind of conditioning?
Classical Conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
Conditioning one into behaving or reacting in a specific way
Parts of classical conditioning include?
unconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, and conditioned stimulus
What can be conditioned in infants?
Reflexive/involuntary actions
Operant Conditioning is harder for babies due to?
low voluntary behavior
When can you perform operant conditioning on babies?
Once they develop behavior, which then can be changed
Habituation is…
You getting used to something
Dishabituation is…
recovered or restored behavioral response or habituation
We habituate and dishabituate easily to…?
Smell and sound
Do newborns have the ability to imitate?
Yes, they reflex and use their reflex neurons
With imitation or reflexing actions, what helps?
Play stage
Imitation helps generate positive relationships? True or False
True
When does novelty occur?
when a baby starts to understand faces and who their primary care givers are
Classical conditioning is…
easy to accomplish with neonates
Gross motor milestones follow what?
Cepholacaudal and Proximodistal trends
Pre-reaching is?
Palmar grasp
Reaching is?
Ulnar grasp with two hands and then one (b/w 2-3 months)
Ulnar grasp is?
adjusting grip to object and helps move objects to other hand (3 1/2 months)
Pincer (radial) grasp is?
Develops 12 months of life uses phalanges one and two
The ulnar grasp:
is voluntary and develops around 3-5 months
