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Physical Activity and Health > Chapter 9 - Mental Health > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

what is brain health?

A
  • behavioral and biological aspects of the brain
  • refers to aspects of mental health (mind, and well-being) + conditions resulting from physical/chemical reactions in the brain
  • subjective experiences that results form the brain’s function
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2
Q

what is mental health?

A

state of well-being in which every individual realizes their own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life and can work productively and making contributions to their community

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3
Q

testings for brain and mental health disorders?
- first step?
- tests range from what to what
- example?

A
  • screening tests are usually the first step
  • tests range from self-administered questionnaire to in-person evaluations and observation studies
  • Profile of Mood states (POMS) –> example of single mood disorder screening assessment –> 65 questions about mood, 7 domains
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4
Q

what are 6 common brain and mental disorders?

A
  • schizophrenia
  • dementia
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • substance abuse
  • substance dependence
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5
Q
  • is it difficult to know prevalence of brain and mental disorders? why or why not? (2)
  • US: mental health conditions affect ____% American adults in any 1 year = how many M?
  • canada? 1 in _____
A
  • yes! due to cultural stigma associated with being diagnosed with brain and mental health disorders + health insurance coverage
  • 18.3% –> 44.7M americans
  • in 2022, 18% canadians 15 yo+ met diagnostic criteria for mental health disorder –> 1 in 5 canadiens! = 5M
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6
Q

costs related to brain and mental health disorders
- 1 of ____ most costly medical conditions in US
- Alzheimer’s cost how much?
- which other disorder cost a lot?
- another cost we don’t often think about?

A
  • 1 of 5 most costly medical conditions in US
  • Alzheimer’s alone cost 259 billion $ in 2017 –> expected to be 758 billion in 2050
  • major depressive disorder cost US 210 billion per year
  • pay leave of employees! replace them
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7
Q

what are the non-modifiable (5) and modifiable (5) risk factors associated with brain health?

A

NON-MODIFIABLE:
- age (young = more prevalent anxiety VS older = more prevalent dementia)
- heredity (genetics) (females more likely anxiety and depression)
- sex
- undergoing traumatic experiences
- chronic medical conditions (ie cancer, cause cause stress on patient AND family)

MODIFIABLE:
- physical inactivity
- substance abuse
- low self-esteem
- distress
- negative lifestyle behaviors (drinking, smoking, poor sleep)

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8
Q

physical activity has been associated with which common brain health conditions (7)

A
  • cognition (memory, attention)
  • conditions associated with cognitive decline (ie Alzheimers)
  • mood-related disorders (anxiety, depression)
  • psychological distress
  • self-esteem (low)
  • eating and exercise-related disorders
  • sleep quality/disorders
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9
Q
  • define cognitive function
  • evidence of PA benefits? (1 + which age group?)
A
  • brains ability to process, select, manipulate, or store information. ability to think, to do well at school, remember information, not losing focus
    PA:
  • short bouts of exercise have short-term benefit for cognition: improvements in attention, memory and processing speed
  • stronger effects in young children (pre-puberty) than older adults
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10
Q
  • give an example of age-related decline in cognitive function –> what does that disorder include?
  • evidence of PA benefits? (1 especially which?)
A

DEMENTIA! = umbrella turm
- loss of brain function that affects memory, thinking, language, judgement and behavior
- Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are types of dementia
PA:
- prevent cognitive decline (preventing dev. of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s)
- 13% of Alzheimer’s cases are a result of physical inactivity

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11
Q
  • depression can be classified as (2)
  • symptoms (5)
  • how to diagnose?
  • evidence of PA benefits? (2)
A
  • mild (dysthymia) OR major depressive disorder (cannot function in daily life)
  • difficulty concentrating/making decisions, loss of interest in hobbies, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, insomnia, possibly suicidal
  • 5 or more symptoms for at least 2 weeks, change from usual
    PA:
  • regular PA helps reduce risk of developing depression
  • PA helps reduce symptoms of depression for this with major depression
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12
Q
  • define anxiety disorders
  • what are the 2 types of anxiety? decribe
  • evidence of PA benefits? (1)
A
  • defined as nervousness, uneasiness or apprehension about a future event(s)
    STATE ANXIETY:
  • person’s existing/current emotional state, type of temporal anxiety a person experiences when going through specific situations in life, goes away after situation (ie peaks before final exam)
    TRAIT ANXIETY:
  • specific to a person’s personality, typically either high-stress (type A) or low stress (type B) personality
    *someone can be type B, low trait anxiety but have really high state anxiety before exams
    PA:
  • anxiety reduced after short, acute bouts of exercise
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13
Q
  • define psychological distress
  • evidence of PA benefits? (2)
A
  • mental stressors that are not congruous with good health, lack of well being –> daily stress can lead to that over time
    PA:
  • significant associations btw PA and distress levels
  • increasing frequency of weekly PA associated with lower self-reported psychological distress
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14
Q
  • what is self-esteem?
  • evidence of PA benefits?
A
  • feeling of self-worth and value that influence mental health positively
  • regular PA associated with higher levels of self-esteem in adults and children
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15
Q

what are the negative effects of exercise on self-esteem? (4)

A

-additive behaviors can lead to lower levels of self-esteem
- anorexia nervosa: limiting food intake, becoming excessively lean, excessive calorie counting and exercise
- bulimia: bingeing and purging
- muscle dysmorphia: preoccupation with muscularity, excessively training to build muscle

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16
Q
  • what are sleep disorders?
  • examples (4)
  • evidence of PA benefits? (3)
A

alterations in the way one sleeps that affect health and quality of life
- insomnia, sleep apnea (irregular breathing), restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy (impaired sleep-wake cycles)
PA:
- short bouts and regular PA improve sleep outcomes in adults
- acute bouts of PA improved onset sleep latency (how fast we fall asleep), total sleep time and how fast you wake up in morning
- regular PA helps achieve better quality sleep

17
Q
  • define quality of life
  • includes what? (2 ish)
  • associated with what?
  • evidence of PA benefits? (2)
A
  • defined as one’s satisfaction with life
  • includes aspects related to physical and mental health (ie health related QoL) AND aspects that go beyond health (ie economic well-being)
  • associated with several health and well-being outcomes
    PA:
  • high amounts of regular PA associated with positive perceptions of one’s QoL
  • for older adults, PA can improve health related QoL by maintaining physical function and independant mobility
18
Q
  • what does the physiological adaptations from PA that affect brain health (3)
  • increased what may be partially responsible for protective effects of PA against mental health disorders
  • what other improvements in brain (2 ish) can help maintain positive levels of self-esteem and well-being?
A
  1. cerebral capillary growth and development
  2. brain blood flow and oxygenation (more blood = more O2)
  3. increase in cerebral blood flow may lead to increases in cerebral metabolism/activity
    - increased CEREBRAL ACTIVITY (particularly older adults)
    - biomechanical improvements (economy and efficiency –> reduced E cost at given workload) + improvements in balance, stability and mobility
19
Q

brain health benefits have been found in people who do what type of PA for how long? guideline?

A
  • who do aerobic OR a combination of aerobic and muscle strengthening activities 3 to 5 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes at a time
20
Q
  • what is a concussion?
  • symptoms (8)
A
  • type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes head and brain to move rapidly back and forth
  • headache
  • ringing in ears
  • nausea, vomiting
  • fatigue, drowsiness
  • blurry vision
  • dizziness
  • confusion
  • amnesia with event
21
Q

what are the 6 stages of return to play after concussion?

A
  1. rest –> complete physical and cognitive rest
  2. light aerobic exercise –> walking, swimming, cycling at <70% intensity, no resistance training –> goal = increase HR + increase blood flow to brain
  3. sport-specific exercise: running drills, no head impact activity, progressive resistance training –> simple cognitive exercise
  4. non-contact training drills: progression to more training drills –> add exercise + coordination + cognitive load
  5. full contact practice: normal training activities –> restore confidence and assess functional skills
  6. return to play: player rehabilitated, full participation, no restrictions
22
Q

what are some themes that come up in interviews with NHL players with multiple concussions? (5)

A
  1. uncertainty of concussion events –> don’t remember how many concussions they’ve had
  2. physical symptoms: headaches, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of peripheral vision, unable to focus
  3. isolation and withdrawal: felt like they were on their own island, never felt so alone
  4. emotional turmoil: suicidal thoughts, physical and emotional pain
  5. professionnal sport transition: (after quitting): loss of identity, just a regular guy
23
Q

what are long term effects of concussions? (4)

A
  • multiple concussion have a strong association with developing depressive disorder years later –> retired NFL players with self-report 3 or more concussions were 3x more likely to be diagnosed with depression 9 years later than no-concussion athletes
  • athletes with multiple concussion history were 5x more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment
  • related to anxiety disorders
  • substance abuse
24
Q

conclusion:
- PA has numerous positive benefits on what? specifically what?
- careful to not what?
- meet what guidelines?
- seek what?

A
  • benefits on physical and mental overall health, specifically brain health
  • careful to not overdo training for physical or mental well-being
  • meet recommended weekly PA guidelines (150min)
  • seek help if needed for your mental health!

Physical Activity and Health (14 decks)

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