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Physical Activity and Health > Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q
  • what is the number 1 cause of death in US?
  • how many deaths has it caused? (2003)
  • estimated economic cost?
  • since 1960, gradual incline or decline in morbidity? why?
A
  • cardiovascular disease?
  • 900 000 Americans in US
  • over 351 billion dollars in 2003
  • DECLINE! due to better surgical procedures, medications. better nutrition
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2
Q
  • how high is heart disease and stroke on the list of causes of death in Canada?
  • is it only a male disease?
  • why does heart disease and stroke cost >20.9B $ per year? (4)
A
  • heart disease = #1 VS stroke = #3 causes of death in Canada
  • no! we used to think so but CVD accounted for 28% of male death and 29.7% of female deaths
    1. physician services
    2. hospital costs
    3. lost wages
    4. decreased productivity
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3
Q
  • what is the % hospitalizations from CVD in Canada? in 2009-2020
  • decreasing, increasing or stable?
  • hospitalization mainly for which heart disease?
A
  • 16.9% from heart disease and stroke
  • decrease from 1995 to 2001-2002, then stable
  • 160 000 for ischemic heart disease, 61k for heart attack, 54k for congestive heart failure
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4
Q

in 2007, how many Canadians reported having heart disease?
- which province have the most self-reported heart disease?

A
  • 1.3M (4.8% of Canadians, 4.2% girls/women, 5.3% boys/men)
  • NS (6.4%) > NB > NL > PEI > QC (5.4%)
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5
Q

how to reduce your risk for developing CVD? (5)

A
  1. don’t smoke (as soon as you stop, CV risk decreases
  2. get regular exercise
  3. eat well
  4. maintain healthy body weight (increase f&v, decrease fat)
  5. manage stress
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6
Q

is visceral or subcutaneous fat more lethal? is apple or pear shape more at risk of CVD?

A
  • visceral is more lethal!
  • pear shape (fat in butt/hips) = less lethal VS apple shape (fat in stomach, breast) = more at risk
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7
Q

what are benefits (11) of PA

A
  1. increased cardiorespiratory endurance
  2. decrease and control blood pressure
  3. reduce body fat (vigorous will help tap into visceral fat)
  4. lower lipids (cholesterol, TG)
  5. improves HDL (especially vigorous)
  6. help control diabetes
  7. decrease low grade inflammation
  8. increase and maintain heart function (+ vascular/blood vessels)
  9. move toward smoking cessation (making better heart healthy decisions)
  10. alleviate tension and stress, anxiety
  11. counteract personal history of disease
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8
Q

name 11 types of cardiovascular diseases and conditions

A
  1. heart attack
  2. atherosclerosis
  3. angina pectoris (chest pain)
  4. congenital heart defects
  5. rheumatic heart disease
  6. congestive heart disease
  7. bacterial endocarditis
  8. aneurysms
  9. arrhythmias
  10. hypertension
  11. stroke (heart attack in brain)
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9
Q
  • what are 2 other names for heart attack?
  • what is a heart attack?
  • can be caused by what?
  • worst if its on which side of the heart?
A
  • coronary thrombosis OR myocardial infarction
  • lack of blood flow or supply to areas of the heart
  • coronary heart disease
  • on the left side! bc L side is the strong part of heart
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10
Q
  • since 1952, cardiovascular death rate in Canada has declined by more than ___%
  • ___% in the last decade
  • largely due to (3)
A
  • 75%
  • 40% in the last decade
  • surgical procedures, drug therapies, prevention efforts
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11
Q

what are warning signs for heart attack? (2 + lots more)

  • what to do? (2 ish)
A
  • uncomfortable pressure or pain in center of chest that lasts 2min or longer
  • pain that spreads to shoulders, neck or arms
  • severe pain, dizziness, fainting, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath
  • carry nitroglycerin –> helps open up vessels in body
  • call 911! emergency!
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12
Q

what is
- atherosclerosis?
- ANGINA PECTORIS

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
- narrowing/blockage of artery
- can be partially occluded (loses elasticity + hardening + sticky, attracts other stuff) –> can be 95% occluded, and then fully occluded
ANGINA PECTORIS:
- or “stable angina”
- chest pain
- lack of blood flow and oxygen to areas of the heart
- increased risk of heart attack

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13
Q

what is:
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
ANEURYSM

A

CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
- abnormal heart structures, vessels and valves at time of birth
- valve: work in sync with rhythmic nature of heart, prevents backflow
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:
- bacterial infection of heart that damages heart valves
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE:
- condition that occurs when other diseases have damages the heart and limited its function
- often results in overworking heart = very large organ = becomes ineffective
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS:
- infection of the lining or valves of heart
ANEURYSM:
- weakness or bulge in an artery that can burst and lead to massive internal bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke)

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14
Q

risk factors for coronary heart disease
- major alterable (6)
- major unalterable (4)
- contributing (3)

A

MAJOR ALTERABLE:
- hypertension
- tobacco smoking
- cholesterol
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- diabetes
MAJOR UNALTERABLE:
- age
- genetics
- gender
- race
CONTRIBUTING:
- stress
- excessive alcohol (leads to enlarged and inefficient heart)
- inflammation

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15
Q
  • what does electrocardiograms record?
  • acronym (2)
  • what are 4 things we can interpret
A
  • records electrical impulses that stimulate the heart –> measures electric activity
  • ECG or EKG
    1. heart rhythm
    2. axis of heart (how heart is lying in cavity, usually mid region of L side)
    3. enlargement or hypertrophy
    4. myocardial infarction or damage to heart
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16
Q

what are the 5 important segments of a normal ECG?

A
  1. P wave: upper chambers contract, small wave
  2. PR segment: pause to allow ventricles to fill
  3. QRS complex: ventricles contract
  4. ST segment: blood is sent to body
  5. T wave: repolarization of heart
17
Q

what is bradycardia vs tachycardia?

A

BRADYCHARDIA:
- slow heart rate
- < 60 bpm, regular rhythm
- happens in high level athletes or older people (might need pacemaker to control rhythm)
TACHYCARDIA:
- heart rate is too fast
- heart rate > 100 bpm

18
Q

atrial vs ventricular fibrillation?

A

ATRIAL fibrillation:
- no P wave, but yes QRS complex
- not rhythmic
- random contractions, weird electrical activity
VENTRICULAR fibrillation:
- no QRS
- totally random, even worse than atrial fibrillation
- not rhythmic at all
*TV: put pads on chest: shocks the heart, stops it and make it start again hopefully rhythmically

19
Q

what are the 4 major unalterable risk factors for CHD?
- explain which in each risk is more at risk?

A
  1. family history (hereditary)
  2. race (hereditary)
  3. sex: males are at higher risk
  4. age: increased age relates to increased risk
20
Q
  • systolic vs diastolic blood pressure?
  • how to measure?
  • normal blood pressure?
A

SYSTOLIC: maximal pressure in the vascular system when heart is contracted
DIASTOLIC: minimal pressure in vascular system when heart is relaxed
- cuff on arm to make sure no blood flow –> slowly release, heart initial sound = SBP, then another sound = DBP (?)
- 120/80 (debatable)

21
Q

american heart association blood pressure classifications:
- normal
- high normal
- stage 1 hypertension (Mild)
- stage 2 HT (moderate)
- stage 3 HT (severe

A
  • normal: <130/<85
  • high normal: 130-139/85-89
  • stage 1 hypertension (Mild): 140-159/90-99
  • stage 2 HT (moderate): 160-179/100-109
  • stage 3 HT (severe: >=180/ >= 110)
22
Q
  • how many canadians have high blood pressure? % of adult population?
  • 1 in _____ Canadian adults have high normal range/pre-hypertensive
A
  • 6M! –> 1/5 have high blood pressure –> 19% of adult pop
  • 1 in 5 Canadian adults (20%)
23
Q
  • do men or women have more high blood pressure?
  • do younger or older canadians have high blood pressure?
  • women or men with high BP have higher risk of developing heart disease?
A
  • men: 19.7% VS women: 19.0%
  • older! 60-79 yo: 53.2% VS 40-59: 18.4%
  • women have 3.5x greater risk of developing heart disease than women with normal blood pressure
24
Q
  • what is cholesterol?
  • what are our 2 sources of cholesterol?
A
  • fat-like substance found in body’s cells and bloodstream
  • body produces cholesterol primarily through the liver + we consume cholesterol through diet
25
Q

HDL-C vs LDL-C
- function?
- predictor of disease?
- decrease/increase risk of CHD?

A

HDL-C:
- scavenge and transport cholesterol out –> prevent formation of plaque
- low levels are strongest predictor of disease
- decrease risk of CHD
*vig PA increase HDL levels
LDL-C:
- tends to release cholesterol
- small particles (type B) pass through inner lining of coronary artery easily –> ore prone to plaque build-up
- increases risk of CHD

26
Q
  • about ___% of Canadians have high blood cholesterol?
  • which age has higher cholesterol?
A
  • 40%
  • older! 60-79 yo > 40-59 yo > 20-39
27
Q

standards for cholesterol:
- TC vs LDL-C vs HDL-C

A

Total Cholesterol (TC)
– Desirable: less than 200mg/dl
– Borderline high: between 200 and 239mg/dl – High: 240mg\dl or higher
LDL-C
– Optimal: less than 100mg/dl
– Borderline high: between 130 and 159mg/dl – High: between 160mg/dl and 189mg/dl
HDL-C
– Low: less than 40mg/dl

28
Q
  • what is the cholesterol ratio? formula
  • American heart association recommends what ratio?
A

Ratio = TC/(HDL - C)
- high HDL can offset ratio!
- less than 3.5!

29
Q

CHOLESTEROL FACTS:
- total cholesterol level should be below _______
- LDL-C count should be less than _________
- desirable that your ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C be how much?

A
  • < 200 mg/dL of blood
  • < 130 mg/dL
  • < 3.5
30
Q

what are 5 ways to increase HDL?

A
  • mostly genetic
  • aerobic exercise
  • weight loss
  • high dose niacin
  • quit smoking
31
Q

how to decrease LDL (7)

A
  • anti-oxidant vitamins
  • dietary changes –> reduce sat and trans fat + less egg yolks
  • losing body fat
  • medication
  • exercise
  • increase fibre intake
  • psyllium
32
Q

what are 4 major risk factors for CHD?

A
  • smoking –> doubles the risk for CHD
  • diabetes –> inability to control blood sugar levels increases risk of CHD
  • obesity: related to many health problems and greatly increases risk of CHD
  • physical inactivity (identified as major risk by American heart association in 1992) –> low levels of PA and cardiorespiratory fitness can double risk of CHD
33
Q

what are 3 contributing risk factors fo CHD?

A
  • excessive and prolonged stress can increase risk of CHD
  • personality traits of anger and hostility can increase risk of CHD (ie road ragers, type A behaviors)
  • excessive use of alcohol
34
Q

relative risk for coronary heart disease multiplies by how much if:
- smoking (1 pack a day)
- serum cholesterol (265 mg/dL)
- systolic BP (150 mmHg)
- Physical inactivity

A
  • smoking (1 pack a day): 2.5
  • serum cholesterol (265 mg/dL): 2.4
  • systolic BP (150 mmHg): 2.1
  • Physical inactivity: 1.9
35
Q
  • what is a stroke? (1 other name ish) –> 2 types ish
  • severity of stroke relates to what?
A
  • brain attack
    1. CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS
  • blockage of blood flow to brain –> over 85% of all strokes
    2. CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE:
  • bursting of an aneurysm or a blow to the head that cause bleeding in the cranium
  • relates to the amount of brain tissue affected
36
Q

risk factors for stroke:
- UNALTERABLE (3)
- ALTERABLE (4)
- CONTRIBUTING (3)

A

UNALTERABLE:
- heredity (family history and race: african-americans have a much higher risk of stroke than Caucasian Americans do)
- sex: males have higher risk than females
- Age: as age increases, risk of stroke increases
ALTERABLE:
- hypertension: major risk factor for stroke
- smoking
- history of transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes)
- high red blood cell counts
CONTRIBUTING:
- high blood cholesterol and TG
- physical inactivity
- obesity

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