Chapter 3 - PH + PA Flashcards
who conducted the drivers vs conductors study in London?
- what was studied?
Jeremy Morris
- who had more angina/chest pain (more conductors than drivers), non-fatal heart attack, fatal heart attack, all (more drivers than conductors)
*do a stress test –> check for chest pain as exercise increases = risk of heart disease
what are the 2 spheres that connect together to give Physical activity and public health?
KINESIOLOGY
- studies exercise and performance: exercise physiology + movement science + sport psychology
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
- population observational studies: PA and health outcomes: epidemiology and clinical health
what are 2 things we studied since 1900s to present day VS 3 things we recently started to study?
since 1900:
- public health science (Dr Snow, cholera, electrolyte replacement drink for diarrhea)
- exercise science
NEW
- population studies (physician health study, Harvard alumni, aerobics center)
- behavioural science (rating of perceived exertion, exercise enjoyment)
- environment and policy (NEWEST): wide paths, lights in park at night, changing env. to promote PA, cycling friendly city)
10 leading causes of death in US; 1900 vs 2015
*why dramatic shift? (2 reasons)
1900:
- pneumonia/influenza –> tuberculosis –> diarrhea/enterisit/ulceration –> disease of heart –> intracranial lesions –> nephritis –> all accidents –> cancer –> senility –> diphtheria
2015:
- heart disease –> cancer –> chronic lower respiratory diseases –> accidents –> stroke –> alzheimer’s disease –> diabetes –> influenza/pneumonia- –> nephritis/nephrosis –> suicide
*bc today we have antibiotics, vaccines, medications + change in lifestyle!
what is public health surveillance?
- helps us understand what?
- example
- ongoing systemic collection, analysis and interpretation of data
- help us understand if certain types of people are at great risk
*monitor certain health parameters in society –> random phone calls
*epidemiologists do that - ie COVID death dashboard –> look for predictors (who is more at risk) + causes of death
- look at which provinces in Canada has the most death
- look at how things are changing over time, trends
what are 3 strategies ish to do public health surveillance?
- make a map of prevalence of diabetes in world in 2007 –> compare with other years (1990, 1995, 2001) –> track over time!
*big change bc obesogenic environment + prevalence of obesity also increased - ask the right questions! compare maps of diabetes prevalence and obesity
- can also make graphs: % of people with diabetes, male vs female, or white vs black vs asian and look at trends
what do you do after you find that lots of african-american people have diabetes in the states?
you do focus groups and develop a tailored intervention! –> community interventions
what are efficacy trials?
- examples
- studies that are used to establish that a certain intervention or public health program can change a certain condition
- ie mask wearing, hiding cigarettes in stores (unlike Europe), BIXI bikes, bike lanes, increase PA in a certain population
- ie stairs vs escalators (245M riders per day) vs elevators (325M riders per day) in US
does adding 2 flights of stairs every day have an effect over time?
yes! if 2 flights of stairs every day for a weight stable 80kg man, he can reduce weight by 2.7kg/5.9lbs at the end of 1 year if held constant
*theory that avg people is just a lil over calorie needs per day –> adds up over time
what is the study that the prof did in the states about motivational signs?
- objective
- methods
- results
- examine effectiveness of 2 dif motivational signs which encouraged shoppers to take stairs rather than adjacent escalator
- health benefit (good for heart) OR weight benefit (improve waistline)
- almost 18000 observations –> sex, race, age, weight
1. baseline: lower in overweight, over 40 yo and african american
2. health benefit: works better than weight control for normal weight ppl
3. weight control: works better than health benefit for over 40yo, overweight, caucasians and african americans
*overall, african americans had the lowest % of use of stairs –> follow up study, put an african-american women on sign and helped a lot!
who was the first to research PA and all-cause mortality?
- explain
- results
- limitation
Dr. Ralph Paffenbarger
- Harvard almuni study –> longitudinal study –> ask them if they did PA + correspondance every year to see who died + check death certificate
- death rates 25-33% lower among those expending 2000 or more kcal/wk vs <2000
- graph: relative risk of premature death on y-axis, categories of how many extra kcal/week (PA index)
*baseline = <500 kcal/wk –> pretty linear relationship: as PA increases, up to 50% reduction of death risk compared to couch potatoes
- limitation: self-report of exercise
who, apart from Ralph Paffenbarger, studied PA and all-cause mortality?
Dr. Kenneth Cooper + Stephen Blair
- Aerobic center longitudinal study –> people who paid to come to the center to do exercise + test fitness ish
- max treadmill time vs all-cause mortality
- 8 year follow-up
- more curvilinear relationship! big drop from least fit (1), to less fit (2/5) –> best bang for your buck = make couch potatoes a little big more active
- men also have higher rates of death + not much all-cause death difference between 4 and 5 fitness levels
what is a limitation of the Harvard study and the aerobics center longitudinal study?
- both had a rich white people, high socio-economic status –> not a real picture of what the whole country looks like
Blair did another study comparing cardiorespiratory fitness group with all-cause mortality AND what?
- conclusions?
and risk factors! current smoking, SBP > 140 mmHg, chol > 240 mg/dL
- low fitness and 2-3 risk factors = most deaths! vs mod-high fitness and 0 risk factors = less deaths!
what are 10 scientifically established benefits of PA?
decrease RISK of
1. dying prematurely
2. dying from heart disease
3. developing diabetes
4. developing high blood pressure
5. developing colon cancer
HELPS with:
6. decreasing blood pressure for people with already high BP
7. control weight
8. build and maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints
9. Decrease feelings of depression and anxiety
10. promotes psychological well-being
