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PS102 > Chapter 9 - language and thought > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - language and thought Flashcards

1
Q

what is language?

A

system of symbols and rules for combining symbols for the purpose of communication

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2
Q

what is language production?

A

structured and conventional expression of through through words

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3
Q

what is speech?

A

expression of language through sounds

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4
Q

what is language comprehension?

A

process of understanding spoken, written or signed language

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5
Q

what is a sentence?

A

a coherent sentence of words that express meaning

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6
Q

what is a word?

A

smallest free form in a language

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7
Q

what is a morpheme?

A

smallest unit of sound that carries meaning

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8
Q

what is a phoneme?

A

smallest unit of sound that can distinguish words in a language

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9
Q

what does communication using language involve?

A

syntax and pragmatics

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10
Q

what is a syntax?

A

systems of rules for arranging words to convey a specific meaning

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11
Q

what is a pragmatic?

A

practical aspect of language use, such as pace, gesturing, tone and body language

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12
Q

what is the prelinguistic period?

A

period prior to the production of the first word
infants show early sensitivity to speech
initial vocalizations similar across languages

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13
Q

what is fast mapping?

A

can link words and meaning after only 1 or 2 exposures

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14
Q

what are the common errors with fast mapping?

A

overextension
underextension

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15
Q

what is overextension?

A

specifics used to describe broader set

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16
Q

what is underextension?

A

general word used to describe a specific instance

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17
Q

what is telegraphic speech?

A

simple 2 word sentence that contains only the crucial content
eg. more milk, where ball

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18
Q

what is pragmatics by the age of three?

A

basic understanding of practical information regarding language

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19
Q

what is grammar by the age of 4?

A

basic rules of grammar are understood without formal education

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20
Q

what is the behaviourist theory on language development?

A

adults shape child’s speech through reinforcement
children learn by imitating adults
use of child directed speech

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21
Q

what are some cons with the behavourist theory of language development?

A

difficult to reinforce all utterances
grammar not shaped
early errors creative, not imitative

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22
Q

what is the nativist theory of language development?

A

certain universal features common to all languages that are innate
human biologically programmed to acquire language

23
Q

what are the cons of the nativist theory of language development?

A

ignores contribution of the environment
language learning is a gradual process
difficult to account the wide variety of languages

24
Q

what is the interactionist view?

A

both nature and nurture are important for language acquisition
- kids biologically prepared to learn language
- may be a sensitive period for learning language

25
Q

what are the 2 regions of the brain that are associated with language?

A

broca’s area
wernicke’s area

26
Q

what is broca’s area?

A

critical for speech production

27
Q

what is wernicke’s area?

A

critical for language comprehension

28
Q

what is problem solving?

A

process which one begins with a goal and seeks steps that will lead to that goal

29
Q

what is a well defined problem?

A

the goal and operators are clearly specified

30
Q

what is an ill defined problem?

A

the goal and operators are not clearly specified

31
Q

what are problems inducing structure?

A

require you to discover the relationship among numbers, words, symbols, or ideas

32
Q

problems of arrangement?

A

requires you to arrange the parts of a problem to satisfy some criterion

33
Q

what are anagrams?

A

rearrange the letters to make an english word

34
Q

what is a string problem?

A

how to tie the strings together

35
Q

what are problems of transformation?

A

requires you to carry out a series of transformations in order to reach a specific goal

36
Q

what is an algorithms?

A

systemic trail and error
effective when relatively few possible solutions exist but impractical otherwise

37
Q

what is a heuristic?

A

no guaranteed solution but they effectively narrow the range of possible solutions

38
Q

what are the different types of heuristics?

A

forming sub goals
hill climbing strategies
working backwards
searching for analogies
using mental imagery

39
Q

what is forming sub goals?

A

breaking the problem onto a bunch of intermediate steps and then solve each step

40
Q

what is the hill climbing theory?

A

the heuristic that always moves you in the direction of the goal
however many problems require you to move away from the goal

41
Q

what is working backwards?

A

when the solution has a well specified end point it may be easier to solve the problem by starting at the end point and working backwards

42
Q

what is searching for analogies?

A

sometimes in solving a problem, we can make an analogy with another problem we have previously solved

43
Q

what is using mental imagery?

A

visualizing the problem

44
Q

what is irrelevant information?

A

people often incorrectly assume that all the information given in the problem is relevant to solving the problem

45
Q

what is functional fixedness?

A

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

46
Q

what is a mental set?

A

when people get locked into a particular line of thinking when trying to solve a problem

47
Q

what is unnecessary constraints?

A

when people impose their own constraints on the problem when those constraints don’t exist

48
Q

what is decision making?

A

evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

49
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

50
Q

what is the representativeness heuristic?

A

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical case of that event

51
Q

what is the ignore base rates?

A

ignoring information about the broad likelihood of a particular category or type of event

52
Q

what is conjunction fallacy?

A

occurs when people estimate the odds of 2 uncertain events happening together as greater that the odds of either even happening alone

53
Q

what is conformation bias?

A

the tendency to be more responsive to evidence that confirms one’s beliefs and less responsive to evidence that challenges one’s beliefs

54
Q

what is the framing effect?

A

the fact that decisions are based on how the issues are presented or how choices are structured

PS102 (10 decks)

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