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PS102 > chapter 11 - motivation and emotion > Flashcards

chapter 11 - motivation and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is motivation?

A

a process that influences the direction persistence and vigor of goal directed behaviour

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2
Q

what is the instinct theory?

A

argues that instincts motivate much of our behviour
little support

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3
Q

what is modern evolutionary psychology?

A

adaptive significant - people are motivated to engage in behaviours that promote survival advantage

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4
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

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5
Q

what is drive reduction theory?

A

physiological distruptions to homeostasis and acting on it behaviourly to full fill it

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6
Q

what is arousal theory?

A

we are motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation
motivated behaviours increase arousal

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7
Q

what is yerks dodson law?

A

performance on a task is best when the arousal level is optimal for that specific task

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8
Q

what is an incentive?

A

stimuli that pulls an organism towards a goal

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9
Q

what is the incentive theory?

A

behaviour is determined by the strength of the expectation that behaviour will lead to a goal and the incentive value placed on that goal

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10
Q

what is a primary incentive?

A

rewards or punishments that are innate

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11
Q

what is a secondary incentive?

A

stimuli that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events

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12
Q

what is extrinsic motivation?

A

performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment

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13
Q

what is an intrinsic motivation?

A

preforming an activity for its own sake

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14
Q

what is maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

says we are motivated to fill needs from bottom of the hierarchy before we fill the higher ones

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15
Q

what is the physiology of hunger?

A

homeostatic mechanisms help regulate eating
eating not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs

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16
Q

what is the set point theory?

A

biologically determined standard around which fat mass is regulated

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17
Q

what are the signals to start a meal?

A

decline in blood glucose level
liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
blood glucose levels rise
produce drop and rise pattern in glucose

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18
Q

what are the signals to end a meal?

A

stomach and intestinal digestion
CCK released by small intestine into blood stream to travel to the brain

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19
Q

what is a signal that regulates appetite and weight?

A

liptin
- hormone secreted by fat cells
- signals to brain to decrease appetite and increase energy
expenditure

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20
Q

what does the lateral hypothalamus do?

A

may be involved in stimulating eating
not the hunger on center

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21
Q

what does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

A

may be involved in stopping eating
not the hunger off center

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22
Q

what is the paraventricular nucleus?

A

various neurotransmitters

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23
Q

what are the psychological aspects of hunger?

A

eating positvely reinforced by good tastes and negatively reinforced by hunger reduction
pressure of thinness

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24
Q

what are the environmental factors that effect eating?

A

food variety
presence of others
smell and sight of food
familiarity of food
stress

25
Q

what is BMI?

A

body mass index
measures body fat based on height

26
Q

what are the genetic influences on obesity?

A

influences basal metabolism and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue

27
Q

what are the environmental influences on obesity?

A

inexpensive, tasty foods
supersizing due to cultural value
decrease daily activity due to technological advantages

28
Q

what are sexual motivations?

A

desire to reproduce
obtain and give sensual pleasure
express love and intimacy
fulfill “duty”
conform to peer pressure

29
Q

what are the 4 stages of the physiology of sex?

A

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

30
Q

what is excitement?

A

vasocongestion - blood flow increases to genitals

31
Q

what is plateau?

A

increase vasocongestion, heart rate, respiration, muscle tension

32
Q

what is an orgasm?

A

rhythmic contractions

33
Q

what is the resolution?

A

genital organs return to normal
males enter refractory stage, females may orgasm more

34
Q

what does the hypothalamus do with the physiology of sex?

A

controls the pituitary gland, which controls the secretion on gonadotropins which regulates the secretion of androgens and estrogens

35
Q

what do men have an increase desire for?

A

a variety of sexual partners

36
Q

what do women desire for in a partner?

A

financial prospects

37
Q

what is parental investment theory?

A

suggests that differences in mate preferences are due to gender differences in parental investment

38
Q

what is a fantasy?

A

is a connection between mental processes and physiological functioning

39
Q

what is desire?

A

sexual stimulus perceived positively
negative influences: stress fatigue anger performance anxiety

40
Q

what is an environmental stimulus for sexual motivation?

A

touch, watching partner undress, erotic stories
pornography, sexual violence and attitude

41
Q

what i sexual orientation?

A

a partner preference for emotional and sexual relationships with a partner of the same or opposite sex

42
Q

what is the need for achievement?

A

desire for accomplishment and excellence
stable personality characteristic
individual differences

43
Q

what is motivation for success?

A

mastery of goals and performance approach

44
Q

what is fear of failure?

A

performance avoidance goals

45
Q

what are situational factors?

A

high need achievers
strive hard for success when perceive
prefer situations with intermediate chance pf success

46
Q

what are family influences on achievement motivation?

A

parental attitudes
- high need for achievement
- fear of failure

47
Q

what are cultural influences on achievement?

A

individualistic cultures: stress personal achievement
collectivist cultures: meet expectations of family and social groups

48
Q

what are emotions?

A

positive and negative feelings that involve a pattern of cognitive physiological and behavioural reactions to events

49
Q

what is the adaptive value of emotions?

A

direct attention
negative emotions
positive emotions
social communication

50
Q

what are the three features common to all emotions?

A

cognitive component
physiological component
behavioural component

51
Q

what is the cognitive component to emotions?

A

involve in every aspect of emotion
interpretations and meanings attached to sensory stimuli

52
Q

what is the physiological component of emotions?

A

interactions between cortical and subcortical structures
accompanied by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system

53
Q

what is the behavioural aspect of emotions?

A

expressing the emotions
observable displays
infer emotions of others

54
Q

what is the modern evolutionary theorists?

A

fundamental emotional patterns

55
Q

what is the james lange theory?

A

somatic theory of emotions
body reacts first
brain reacts from the body’s reaction

56
Q

what is the cannon bard theory?

A

cognition is involved
the brain perceives the stimulus
body and the conscious emotions react at the same time

57
Q

what is the facial feedback theory?

A

muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experiences

58
Q

what is the vascular theory of emotional feedback?

A

tensing facial muscles alters temp of blood flow
- cooling increases positive affect
- warming increases negative effect

59
Q

what is schachter’s theory?

A

looks to external cues to decide what to feel
- physiological arousal: how strongly we feel
- labeling: what emotion we feel

PS102 (10 decks)

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