chapter 11 - motivation and emotion

Question 1

what is motivation?

Answer 1

a process that influences the direction persistence and vigor of goal directed behaviour

Question 2

what is the instinct theory?

Answer 2

argues that instincts motivate much of our behviour
little support

Question 3

what is modern evolutionary psychology?

Answer 3

adaptive significant - people are motivated to engage in behaviours that promote survival advantage

Question 4

what is homeostasis?

Answer 4

internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

Question 5

what is drive reduction theory?

Answer 5

physiological distruptions to homeostasis and acting on it behaviourly to full fill it

Question 6

what is arousal theory?

Answer 6

we are motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation
motivated behaviours increase arousal

Question 7

what is yerks dodson law?

Answer 7

performance on a task is best when the arousal level is optimal for that specific task

Question 8

what is an incentive?

Answer 8

stimuli that pulls an organism towards a goal

Question 9

what is the incentive theory?

Answer 9

behaviour is determined by the strength of the expectation that behaviour will lead to a goal and the incentive value placed on that goal

Question 10

what is a primary incentive?

Answer 10

rewards or punishments that are innate

Question 11

what is a secondary incentive?

Answer 11

stimuli that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events

Question 12

what is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 12

performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment

Question 13

what is an intrinsic motivation?

Answer 13

preforming an activity for its own sake

Question 14

what is maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 14

says we are motivated to fill needs from bottom of the hierarchy before we fill the higher ones

Question 15

what is the physiology of hunger?

Answer 15

homeostatic mechanisms help regulate eating
eating not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs

Question 16

what is the set point theory?

Answer 16

biologically determined standard around which fat mass is regulated

Question 17

what are the signals to start a meal?

Answer 17

decline in blood glucose level
liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
blood glucose levels rise
produce drop and rise pattern in glucose

Question 18

what are the signals to end a meal?

Answer 18

stomach and intestinal digestion
CCK released by small intestine into blood stream to travel to the brain

Question 19

what is a signal that regulates appetite and weight?

Answer 19

liptin
- hormone secreted by fat cells
- signals to brain to decrease appetite and increase energy
expenditure

Question 20

what does the lateral hypothalamus do?

Answer 20

may be involved in stimulating eating
not the hunger on center

Question 21

what does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

Answer 21

may be involved in stopping eating
not the hunger off center

Question 22

what is the paraventricular nucleus?

Answer 22

various neurotransmitters

Question 23

what are the psychological aspects of hunger?

Answer 23

eating positvely reinforced by good tastes and negatively reinforced by hunger reduction
pressure of thinness

Question 24

what are the environmental factors that effect eating?

Answer 24

food variety
presence of others
smell and sight of food
familiarity of food
stress

Question 25

what is BMI?

Answer 25

body mass index measures body fat based on height

Question 26

what are the genetic influences on obesity?

Answer 26

influences basal metabolism and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue

Question 27

what are the environmental influences on obesity?

Answer 27

inexpensive, tasty foods supersizing due to cultural value decrease daily activity due to technological advantages

Question 28

what are sexual motivations?

Answer 28

desire to reproduce obtain and give sensual pleasure express love and intimacy fulfill "duty" conform to peer pressure

Question 29

what are the 4 stages of the physiology of sex?

Answer 29

excitement plateau orgasm resolution

Question 30

what is excitement?

Answer 30

vasocongestion - blood flow increases to genitals

Question 31

what is plateau?

Answer 31

increase vasocongestion, heart rate, respiration, muscle tension

Question 32

what is an orgasm?

Answer 32

rhythmic contractions

Question 33

what is the resolution?

Answer 33

genital organs return to normal males enter refractory stage, females may orgasm more

Question 34

what does the hypothalamus do with the physiology of sex?

Answer 34

controls the pituitary gland, which controls the secretion on gonadotropins which regulates the secretion of androgens and estrogens

Question 35

what do men have an increase desire for?

Answer 35

a variety of sexual partners

Question 36

what do women desire for in a partner?

Answer 36

financial prospects

Question 37

what is parental investment theory?

Answer 37

suggests that differences in mate preferences are due to gender differences in parental investment

Question 38

what is a fantasy?

Answer 38

is a connection between mental processes and physiological functioning

Question 39

what is desire?

Answer 39

sexual stimulus perceived positively negative influences: stress fatigue anger performance anxiety

Question 40

what is an environmental stimulus for sexual motivation?

Answer 40

touch, watching partner undress, erotic stories pornography, sexual violence and attitude

Question 41

what i sexual orientation?

Answer 41

a partner preference for emotional and sexual relationships with a partner of the same or opposite sex

Question 42

what is the need for achievement?

Answer 42

desire for accomplishment and excellence stable personality characteristic individual differences

Question 43

what is motivation for success?

Answer 43

mastery of goals and performance approach

Question 44

what is fear of failure?

Answer 44

performance avoidance goals

Question 45

what are situational factors?

Answer 45

high need achievers strive hard for success when perceive prefer situations with intermediate chance pf success

Question 46

what are family influences on achievement motivation?

Answer 46

parental attitudes - high need for achievement - fear of failure

Question 47

what are cultural influences on achievement?

Answer 47

individualistic cultures: stress personal achievement collectivist cultures: meet expectations of family and social groups

Question 48

what are emotions?

Answer 48

positive and negative feelings that involve a pattern of cognitive physiological and behavioural reactions to events

Question 49

what is the adaptive value of emotions?

Answer 49

direct attention negative emotions positive emotions social communication

Question 50

what are the three features common to all emotions?

Answer 50

cognitive component physiological component behavioural component

Question 51

what is the cognitive component to emotions?

Answer 51

involve in every aspect of emotion interpretations and meanings attached to sensory stimuli

Question 52

what is the physiological component of emotions?

Answer 52

interactions between cortical and subcortical structures accompanied by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system

Question 53

what is the behavioural aspect of emotions?

Answer 53

expressing the emotions observable displays infer emotions of others

Question 54

what is the modern evolutionary theorists?

Answer 54

fundamental emotional patterns

Question 55

what is the james lange theory?

Answer 55

somatic theory of emotions body reacts first brain reacts from the body's reaction

Question 56

what is the cannon bard theory?

Answer 56

cognition is involved the brain perceives the stimulus body and the conscious emotions react at the same time

Question 57

what is the facial feedback theory?

Answer 57

muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experiences

Question 58

what is the vascular theory of emotional feedback?

Answer 58

tensing facial muscles alters temp of blood flow - cooling increases positive affect - warming increases negative effect

Question 59

what is schachter's theory?

Answer 59

looks to external cues to decide what to feel - physiological arousal: how strongly we feel - labeling: what emotion we feel