chapter 11 - motivation and emotion Flashcards
what is motivation?
a process that influences the direction persistence and vigor of goal directed behaviour
what is the instinct theory?
argues that instincts motivate much of our behviour
little support
what is modern evolutionary psychology?
adaptive significant - people are motivated to engage in behaviours that promote survival advantage
what is homeostasis?
internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain
what is drive reduction theory?
physiological distruptions to homeostasis and acting on it behaviourly to full fill it
what is arousal theory?
we are motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation
motivated behaviours increase arousal
what is yerks dodson law?
performance on a task is best when the arousal level is optimal for that specific task
what is an incentive?
stimuli that pulls an organism towards a goal
what is the incentive theory?
behaviour is determined by the strength of the expectation that behaviour will lead to a goal and the incentive value placed on that goal
what is a primary incentive?
rewards or punishments that are innate
what is a secondary incentive?
stimuli that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events
what is extrinsic motivation?
performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment
what is an intrinsic motivation?
preforming an activity for its own sake
what is maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
says we are motivated to fill needs from bottom of the hierarchy before we fill the higher ones
what is the physiology of hunger?
homeostatic mechanisms help regulate eating
eating not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs
what is the set point theory?
biologically determined standard around which fat mass is regulated
what are the signals to start a meal?
decline in blood glucose level
liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
blood glucose levels rise
produce drop and rise pattern in glucose
what are the signals to end a meal?
stomach and intestinal digestion
CCK released by small intestine into blood stream to travel to the brain
what is a signal that regulates appetite and weight?
liptin
- hormone secreted by fat cells
- signals to brain to decrease appetite and increase energy
expenditure
what does the lateral hypothalamus do?
may be involved in stimulating eating
not the hunger on center
what does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?
may be involved in stopping eating
not the hunger off center
what is the paraventricular nucleus?
various neurotransmitters
what are the psychological aspects of hunger?
eating positvely reinforced by good tastes and negatively reinforced by hunger reduction
pressure of thinness
what are the environmental factors that effect eating?
food variety
presence of others
smell and sight of food
familiarity of food
stress
what is BMI?
body mass index
measures body fat based on height
what are the genetic influences on obesity?
influences basal metabolism and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue
what are the environmental influences on obesity?
inexpensive, tasty foods
supersizing due to cultural value
decrease daily activity due to technological advantages
what are sexual motivations?
desire to reproduce
obtain and give sensual pleasure
express love and intimacy
fulfill “duty”
conform to peer pressure
what are the 4 stages of the physiology of sex?
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
what is excitement?
vasocongestion - blood flow increases to genitals
what is plateau?
increase vasocongestion, heart rate, respiration, muscle tension
what is an orgasm?
rhythmic contractions
what is the resolution?
genital organs return to normal
males enter refractory stage, females may orgasm more
what does the hypothalamus do with the physiology of sex?
controls the pituitary gland, which controls the secretion on gonadotropins which regulates the secretion of androgens and estrogens
what do men have an increase desire for?
a variety of sexual partners
what do women desire for in a partner?
financial prospects
what is parental investment theory?
suggests that differences in mate preferences are due to gender differences in parental investment
what is a fantasy?
is a connection between mental processes and physiological functioning
what is desire?
sexual stimulus perceived positively
negative influences: stress fatigue anger performance anxiety
what is an environmental stimulus for sexual motivation?
touch, watching partner undress, erotic stories
pornography, sexual violence and attitude
what i sexual orientation?
a partner preference for emotional and sexual relationships with a partner of the same or opposite sex
what is the need for achievement?
desire for accomplishment and excellence
stable personality characteristic
individual differences
what is motivation for success?
mastery of goals and performance approach
what is fear of failure?
performance avoidance goals
what are situational factors?
high need achievers
strive hard for success when perceive
prefer situations with intermediate chance pf success
what are family influences on achievement motivation?
parental attitudes
- high need for achievement
- fear of failure
what are cultural influences on achievement?
individualistic cultures: stress personal achievement
collectivist cultures: meet expectations of family and social groups
what are emotions?
positive and negative feelings that involve a pattern of cognitive physiological and behavioural reactions to events
what is the adaptive value of emotions?
direct attention
negative emotions
positive emotions
social communication
what are the three features common to all emotions?
cognitive component
physiological component
behavioural component
what is the cognitive component to emotions?
involve in every aspect of emotion
interpretations and meanings attached to sensory stimuli
what is the physiological component of emotions?
interactions between cortical and subcortical structures
accompanied by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system
what is the behavioural aspect of emotions?
expressing the emotions
observable displays
infer emotions of others
what is the modern evolutionary theorists?
fundamental emotional patterns
what is the james lange theory?
somatic theory of emotions
body reacts first
brain reacts from the body’s reaction
what is the cannon bard theory?
cognition is involved
the brain perceives the stimulus
body and the conscious emotions react at the same time
what is the facial feedback theory?
muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experiences
what is the vascular theory of emotional feedback?
tensing facial muscles alters temp of blood flow
- cooling increases positive affect
- warming increases negative effect
what is schachter’s theory?
looks to external cues to decide what to feel
- physiological arousal: how strongly we feel
- labeling: what emotion we feel
