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PS102 > Chapter 8 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory?

A

processes that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information

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2
Q

what behaviours show evidence of memory?

A

recall
recognition
relearning

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3
Q

what is recall?

A

retrieve previously stored information

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4
Q

what is recognition?

A

identify which stimulus, out of a bunch of choices, matches your stored information

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5
Q

what is relearning?

A

compare rates of learning information on successive occasions to the first occasion

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6
Q

what are the processes involved in forming and using memory?

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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7
Q

what is encoding?

A

getting information in by translating it into a neural code that your brain can process

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8
Q

what is storage?

A

retaining the information over time

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9
Q

what is retrieval?

A

getting information back out of storage when we want to use it

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10
Q

what is the Atkinson- Shiffrin model (1968)

A

first model of memory
assumes is a multistage process which info flows along 3 separate interacting memory stores

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11
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

briefly holds sensory information
- iconic memory
- echoic memory

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12
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

visual memory is less than a second

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13
Q

what is echoic memory?

A

auditory memory lasts roughly 5 seconds

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14
Q

what is the initial information processor?

A

selects what details to pay attention to
sends info on for further processing

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15
Q

what is the relationship between sensory memory and attention?

A

change blindness

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16
Q

what is change blindness?

A

failure to notice subtle changes in briefly presented stimuli unless attention is directed to those changes

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17
Q

what is short term memory?

A

temporarily holds a limited amount of information
represented in various forms, not corresponding to the form of the original stimulus

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18
Q

what is working memory?

A

a modification to the original model
- how we think of short-term memory
- mental work space
- multiple components to short term memory

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19
Q

what is a phonological loop?

A

repeating to self

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20
Q

what is an episodic buffer?

A

understanding the context, blending information

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21
Q

what is a visuospatial sketchpad?

A

understanding things

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22
Q

what is short term memory/ working memory capacity?

A

limited capacity system, most of us being able to hold about 7 items
info is rapidly lost unless actively do something with it
can increase capacity by chunking

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23
Q

what is chunking?

A

combining individual items into larger units of meaning

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24
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal?

A

simple repetition

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25
what is elaborative rehearsal?
focus on meaning
26
what is long term memory?
durable stored memory storage capacity unlimited can endure for a lifetime
27
what are the 2 different types of long term memory?
declarative nondeclarative
28
what is declarative memory?
facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall
29
what are the 2 types of declarative memory?
episodic memory sematic memory
30
what is episodic memory?
memory for personal experiences
31
what is sematic memory?
memory for factual knowledge
32
what is non declarative memory?
actions of behaviours that we can remember and preform without awareness acquired through automatic processing
33
what is automatic processing?
no effort made to form memory
34
what are the 2 subtypes of non declarative memory?
procedural memory classical conditioning
35
what is procedural memory?
motor memory for patterns of muscle movements
36
what is classical conditioning?
previously neural stimulus produces a response because it had been paired with a stimulus
37
how did the serial position curve prove evidence for memory?
presented with unrelated words participant asked to recall as many as they can look at memory as a function of each word's position in the list
38
what are the 2 effects found in the serial position curve?
primary effect recency effect
38
what is primary effect?
superior recall of early items on list
39
what is recency effect?
superior recall of last items on list
40
what are the 2 processes for encoding?
automatic processing effortful processing
41
what is automatic processing?
unintentional and requiring minimal attention - recalling what you did yesterday
42
what is effortful processing?
intentional and conscious - studying
43
what are the three depths of processing?
structural phonological semantic
44
what is dual coding theory?
memory enhanced if use multiple memory codes leads to deeper processing leads to more retrieval that could be used later
45
what are mnemonic devices?
memory aids intended to improve memory for specific information - acronyms - fist letter technique - peg word system - method of loci
46
what is long term memory organized like?
web of associations
47
what is priming?
activation of one concept leads to activation of other related concepts
48
what is retrieval?
getting information in
49
what is a retrieval que?
any stimulus that leads to activation of information stored in LTM
50
what are three things that make retrieval better?
multiple retrieval cues self-generated retrieval cues match between conditions of encoding and retrieval
51
what is context dependent memory?
the context of where learning occurred can also become part of the memory and use as a retrieval cue retrieve memory better in same placed it was made
52
what is state-dependent memory?
ability to retrieve is better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding mood congruent recall
53
what is forgetting?
rapid loss of memory at first, then a more gradual decline
54
how do we forget?
brain damage encoding storage decay retrieval failure interference motivated forgetting
55
what are 2 ways that brain damage effects forgetting?
retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia
56
what is retrograde amnesia?
the inability to retrieve memory of the past can't remember what happened before injury
57
what is anterograde amnesia?
the inability to form new long term explicit memories implicit memory intact can't remember things before injury
58
what is encoding failure?
information never encoded in long term memory
59
what is decay of memory trace?
long term physical trace in nervous system fades away over time and with disuse
60
what is retrieval failure?
the memory is intact but the associations and links to the memory are decayed building multiple associations and links at the time of encoding can help prevent retrieval failure
61
what is interference?
information forgotten because other items in LTM impair ability to retrieve it
62
what are 2 types of interference?
proactive interference retroactive interference
63
what is proactive interference?
past material interferes with recall of newer material
64
what is retroactive interference?
new information with ability to recall older information
65
what is motivated forgetting?
choosing to forget or change our memories based on the Freudian concept of repression controversial
66
why is memory a constructive process?
memories are altered every time we recall memories are altered again when we reconsolidate the memory later information can alter earlier memories (retroactive interference)
67
what is the miss information effect?
distortion of memory by misleading post event information
68
what is implanted memories?
simply imagining an even can make it seem like a real memory means we can't tell how real a memory is by how real it feels
69
what are the 2 kinds of memory errors?
source monitoring error reality monitoring
70
what is sourcing monitoring error?
when a memory is misattributed to another source
71
what is reality monitoring?
deciding whether a memory is based on external or internal sources
72
what are the 3 approaches to study where memories are formed in the brain?
human lesion studies nonhuman animal lesion studies brain imaging studies
73
where in the brain are memories formed?
hippocampus cerebral cortex thalamus amygdala cerebellum basal ganglia
74
hippocampus and memory formation?
converts short term memory into long term memory memory consolidation
75
cerebral cortex and memory formation?
encoding information form sensory memory - store explicit memories prefrontal cortex - involved in functions of working memory deep processing increase activity in specific regions of left prefrontal cortex
76
thalamus and memory formation?
damage results in extensive anterograde and retrograde amnesia
77
amygdala and memory formation?
emotional aspects of memory
78
cerebellum and memory formation?
stores conditioned responses
79
basal ganglia and memory formation?
procedural memory
80
emotions and memory?
stored emotions especially stress can strengthen memory formation
81
what is flashbulb memories?
refers to emotionally intense events that become burned in as a very vivid memory not necessarily accurate
82

PS102 (10 decks)

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