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PS102 > Chapter 8 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory?

A

processes that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information

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2
Q

what behaviours show evidence of memory?

A

recall
recognition
relearning

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3
Q

what is recall?

A

retrieve previously stored information

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4
Q

what is recognition?

A

identify which stimulus, out of a bunch of choices, matches your stored information

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5
Q

what is relearning?

A

compare rates of learning information on successive occasions to the first occasion

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6
Q

what are the processes involved in forming and using memory?

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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7
Q

what is encoding?

A

getting information in by translating it into a neural code that your brain can process

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8
Q

what is storage?

A

retaining the information over time

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9
Q

what is retrieval?

A

getting information back out of storage when we want to use it

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10
Q

what is the Atkinson- Shiffrin model (1968)

A

first model of memory
assumes is a multistage process which info flows along 3 separate interacting memory stores

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11
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

briefly holds sensory information
- iconic memory
- echoic memory

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12
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

visual memory is less than a second

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13
Q

what is echoic memory?

A

auditory memory lasts roughly 5 seconds

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14
Q

what is the initial information processor?

A

selects what details to pay attention to
sends info on for further processing

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15
Q

what is the relationship between sensory memory and attention?

A

change blindness

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16
Q

what is change blindness?

A

failure to notice subtle changes in briefly presented stimuli unless attention is directed to those changes

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17
Q

what is short term memory?

A

temporarily holds a limited amount of information
represented in various forms, not corresponding to the form of the original stimulus

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18
Q

what is working memory?

A

a modification to the original model
- how we think of short-term memory
- mental work space
- multiple components to short term memory

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19
Q

what is a phonological loop?

A

repeating to self

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20
Q

what is an episodic buffer?

A

understanding the context, blending information

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21
Q

what is a visuospatial sketchpad?

A

understanding things

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22
Q

what is short term memory/ working memory capacity?

A

limited capacity system, most of us being able to hold about 7 items
info is rapidly lost unless actively do something with it
can increase capacity by chunking

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23
Q

what is chunking?

A

combining individual items into larger units of meaning

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24
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal?

A

simple repetition

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25
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A

focus on meaning

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26
Q

what is long term memory?

A

durable stored memory
storage capacity unlimited
can endure for a lifetime

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27
Q

what are the 2 different types of long term memory?

A

declarative
nondeclarative

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28
Q

what is declarative memory?

A

facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of declarative memory?

A

episodic memory
sematic memory

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30
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

memory for personal experiences

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31
Q

what is sematic memory?

A

memory for factual knowledge

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32
Q

what is non declarative memory?

A

actions of behaviours that we can remember and preform without awareness
acquired through automatic processing

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33
Q

what is automatic processing?

A

no effort made to form memory

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34
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of non declarative memory?

A

procedural memory
classical conditioning

35
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

motor memory for patterns of muscle movements

36
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

previously neural stimulus produces a response because it had been paired with a stimulus

37
Q

how did the serial position curve prove evidence for memory?

A

presented with unrelated words
participant asked to recall as many as they can
look at memory as a function of each word’s position in the list

38
Q

what are the 2 effects found in the serial position curve?

A

primary effect
recency effect

38
Q

what is primary effect?

A

superior recall of early items on list

39
Q

what is recency effect?

A

superior recall of last items on list

40
Q

what are the 2 processes for encoding?

A

automatic processing
effortful processing

41
Q

what is automatic processing?

A

unintentional and requiring minimal attention
- recalling what you did yesterday

42
Q

what is effortful processing?

A

intentional and conscious
- studying

43
Q

what are the three depths of processing?

A

structural
phonological
semantic

44
Q

what is dual coding theory?

A

memory enhanced if use multiple memory codes
leads to deeper processing
leads to more retrieval that could be used later

45
Q

what are mnemonic devices?

A

memory aids intended to improve memory for specific information
- acronyms
- fist letter technique
- peg word system
- method of loci

46
Q

what is long term memory organized like?

A

web of associations

47
Q

what is priming?

A

activation of one concept leads to activation of other related concepts

48
Q

what is retrieval?

A

getting information in

49
Q

what is a retrieval que?

A

any stimulus that leads to activation of information stored in LTM

50
Q

what are three things that make retrieval better?

A

multiple retrieval cues
self-generated retrieval cues
match between conditions of encoding and retrieval

51
Q

what is context dependent memory?

A

the context of where learning occurred can also become part of the memory and use as a retrieval cue
retrieve memory better in same placed it was made

52
Q

what is state-dependent memory?

A

ability to retrieve is better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding
mood congruent recall

53
Q

what is forgetting?

A

rapid loss of memory at first, then a more gradual decline

54
Q

how do we forget?

A

brain damage
encoding
storage decay
retrieval failure
interference
motivated forgetting

55
Q

what are 2 ways that brain damage effects forgetting?

A

retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia

56
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

the inability to retrieve memory of the past
can’t remember what happened before injury

57
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

the inability to form new long term explicit memories
implicit memory intact
can’t remember things before injury

58
Q

what is encoding failure?

A

information never encoded in long term memory

59
Q

what is decay of memory trace?

A

long term physical trace in nervous system fades away over time and with disuse

60
Q

what is retrieval failure?

A

the memory is intact but the associations and links to the memory are decayed
building multiple associations and links at the time of encoding can help prevent retrieval failure

61
Q

what is interference?

A

information forgotten because other items in LTM impair ability to retrieve it

62
Q

what are 2 types of interference?

A

proactive interference
retroactive interference

63
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

past material interferes with recall of newer material

64
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

new information with ability to recall older information

65
Q

what is motivated forgetting?

A

choosing to forget or change our memories
based on the Freudian concept of repression
controversial

66
Q

why is memory a constructive process?

A

memories are altered every time we recall
memories are altered again when we reconsolidate the memory
later information can alter earlier memories (retroactive interference)

67
Q

what is the miss information effect?

A

distortion of memory by misleading post event information

68
Q

what is implanted memories?

A

simply imagining an even can make it seem like a real memory
means we can’t tell how real a memory is by how real it feels

69
Q

what are the 2 kinds of memory errors?

A

source monitoring error
reality monitoring

70
Q

what is sourcing monitoring error?

A

when a memory is misattributed to another source

71
Q

what is reality monitoring?

A

deciding whether a memory is based on external or internal sources

72
Q

what are the 3 approaches to study where memories are formed in the brain?

A

human lesion studies
nonhuman animal lesion studies
brain imaging studies

73
Q

where in the brain are memories formed?

A

hippocampus
cerebral cortex
thalamus
amygdala
cerebellum
basal ganglia

74
Q

hippocampus and memory formation?

A

converts short term memory into long term
memory
memory consolidation

75
Q

cerebral cortex and memory formation?

A

encoding information form sensory memory
- store explicit memories
prefrontal cortex
- involved in functions of working memory
deep processing increase activity in specific regions of left prefrontal cortex

76
Q

thalamus and memory formation?

A

damage results in extensive anterograde and retrograde amnesia

77
Q

amygdala and memory formation?

A

emotional aspects of memory

78
Q

cerebellum and memory formation?

A

stores conditioned responses

79
Q

basal ganglia and memory formation?

A

procedural memory

80
Q

emotions and memory?

A

stored emotions especially stress can strengthen memory formation

81
Q

what is flashbulb memories?

A

refers to emotionally intense events that become burned in as a very vivid memory
not necessarily accurate

82
Q
A

PS102 (10 decks)

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