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PS102 > Chapter 4 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

what is development?

A

continuities and changes that occur within the individual between conception and death

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2
Q

when does the most dramatic changes occur?

A

early in the life span

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3
Q

what are issues in developmental psychology?

A

nature and nurture
change and stability
sensitive period
continuity verses stages

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4
Q

what is nature and nurture?

A

how do our genes and experiences guide development over out lifespan
still debating

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5
Q

what is stability and change?

A

what ways do we change as we age and in what ways do we stay the same

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6
Q

what is a sensitive period?

A

how much flexibility we have in the timing of exposures to specific environmental input for a specific ability to develop normally

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7
Q

what is continuity verses stages?

A

development a gradual change or are there some leaps to a new way of thinking or behaving?

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8
Q

what is a longitudinal design?

A

same individuals are studied repeatedly over some subset of their lifespan
born in same year

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9
Q

what are the advantages of longitudinal design?

A

can assess developmental change

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10
Q

what are the disadvantages to longitudinal design?

A

very expensive
selective attrition
original research question may become obsolete
practice effect
cohort effects

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11
Q

what is cross sectional design?

A

individuals from different groups are studied at the same point in time

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12
Q

what are the advantages of cross sectional design?

A

less time consuming and expensive
can uncover age differences

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13
Q

what are the disadvantages of cross sectional design?

A

can’t distinguish age effects from cohort effect
can’t assess developmental change

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14
Q

what is sequential design?

A

individuals from different age groups are repeatedly tested over some subset of their life span

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15
Q

what are the advantages to sequential design?

A

less time consuming and expensive than longitudinal
can assess developmental change

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16
Q

what are the disadvantages to sequential design?

A

more expensive and time consuming than cross sectional
can’t generalize results to other cohorts

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17
Q

what are the stages of prenatal development?

A

conception
germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

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18
Q

what is conception?

A

sperm and egg unite
genetic material brought together to from an organism

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19
Q

what is a fertilized cell called?

A

zygote

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20
Q

what is the germinal stage?

A

first 10-13 days from conception to implantation
cell division occurs at an exponential rate
cells already begin to differentiate into specialized structures and locations

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21
Q

what is the embryonic stage?

A

weeks 2-8
period when most vital organs are formed
period of vulnerability
cell differentiation continues as cell develop into organ and bones

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22
Q

what is the fetal stage?

A

weeks9-38(birth)
state of growth and refinement in all existing organs
age if viability

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23
Q

what are things that could go wrong in prenatal development?

A

genetic problems
environmental problems

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24
Q

what are genetic problems in prenatal development?

A

chromosomal abnormalities (eg. down’s syndrome)

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25
what are environmental problems in prenatal development?
exposure to teratogens maternal characteristics
26
what are teratogens?
any drug, disease, pollutions or other factor that can have detrimental effects in the developing embryo or fetus
27
what are maternal characteristics?
overall health and self care age
28
what are newborns born with?
tactile, auditory and chemical perception systems operating at birth will orient towards source of significant stimuli (sound, tactile stimulus and odours)
29
what is the newborns visual system?
least developed prefer patterned stimuli prefer mother's face some colour vision size and shape constancy
30
what is the learning in newborns?
habituation can learn to associate two stimuli together is one reliably predicts the other can do simple observational learning (imitate adult facial expressions)
31
what are the reflexed in a newborn?
rooting reflex the moro reflex grasping reflex
32
what is the rooting reflex?
touch around cheek and baby will orient toward touch
33
what is the Moro reflex?
when startled by lack of support to the head, baby will flail their arms out and in
34
what is the grasping reflex?
when the baby's palm is touched, they squeeze in a very strong grip
35
what is the brain development in babies?
at birth, 25% of adult weight at 6 months, 50% of adult weight cells become larger, neural networks from growth rate slows in later childhood
36
how does the brain develop?
at birth, brainstem and midbrain most developed first areas of the cerebrum to mature - primary sensory cortex - primary motor cortex last areas: associative areas of the cortex
37
how does the sensory-perceptual development
vision: - from 1/40th of the visual acuity of adults at birth to 20/20 at 6 months audition: - phoneme discrimination exceeds that of an adult - disappears by 1 year of age
38
what is the general growth trends?
cephalocaudal principal proximodistal principal
39
what is cephalocaudal principal?
development proceeds from head to foot - head is larges and body develops later
40
what is the proximodistal principal?
development proceeds from innermost to outer - arms before fingers, torso before arms
41
what is the motor development in babies?
most skills follow stage like sequences - age of acquiring skill caries, sequences does not
42
what is cognition?
mental activities that help us function
43
what is Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory?
studied error in cognition by children in order to understand how they think identified stages of cognitive development that unfold as children mature
44
what is Piaget believe we created?
believed we created schemes to achieve understanding
45
what is are schemes?
organized patterns of thought that represents out understanding of a concept or experience
46
what are the two ways schemes are modified?
assimilation accommodation
47
what is assimilation schemes?
new experiences incorporated into what we already know
48
what is accommodation schemes?
new experiences cause change in what we already know
49
what did Piaget believe in?
nature and nurture development proceeds in stages
50
what is nature and nurture?
children grow by maturation as well by learning through interactions/ playing with the environment
51
what are the stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage
52
what is the sensorimotor stage of cognition?
birth - 2 years understanding world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects begin to acquire language develop object permanence (6-8 months)
53
what is object permanence?
understanding that object continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen
54
what is preoperational stage of cognitive development
2-7 years world is represented symbolically through worlds and mental images symbolic thinking enables pretend play some unique wats of thinking: - don't understand conservation - display egocentrism - commit scale errors
55
what is the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
7-11 years easily perform basic mental operations involving tangible problems and situations grasp conservation and other concrete transformations difficulties with abstract problems
56
what is formal operational stage?
11+ years can think logically about concrete and abstract problems able to form and test hypotheses
57
what is Vygotsky's cognitive development?
social interaction is important for development children learn thinking skills by internalizing language from others and developing inner speech viewed as building scaffolding ideal level of instruction is the zone of proximal development
58
what is Vygotsky's scaffolding theory?
anything that would support kids development supports how we think for mentoring, language and cognitive support from parents, siblings, teachers and others
59
what is zone of proximal development?
child can't quite do alone but can with guidance of teacher/helper
60
what is attachment?
strong emotional bong between children and primary caregivers (happens in first year of life) important for survival and development having bonds means safety and proper stimulation
61
what are the attachment processes?
newborns: indiscriminate attachment 3 months: discriminate attachment 7-8 months: specific attachment
62
what is indiscriminate attachment?
will attach to anyone who tends to their needs
63
what is discriminate attachment?
can tell people apart can tell familiar people and un familiar people
64
what is specific attachment?
feel safe with a person and doesn't feel safe when away from that person anxieties can arise when away from this person
65
what are the 2 types of anxieties that accompany specific attachment?
stranger anxiety separation anxiety
66
what is stranger anxiety?
6-18months distress over contact with unfamiliar people
67
what is separation anxiety?
1-3 years distress from being from primary care giver could be shaped by natural selection
68
how do you determine attachment style for 1 year old?
the strange situation - 8 episodes that stimulate caregiver-infant interactions in everyday life - infant's behaviour is recorded to determine the attachment style with their caregiver
69
what is secure attachment?
most children fall under this category explores when mother is present and is upset when she leaves greets mother warmly upon her return and sees her comfort
70
what are the 3 types of insecure attachment?
anxious/ambivalent/resistant type anxious/avoidant type disorganized/disoriented type
71
what is the anxious/ambivalent/resistant type?
infant clings to mom and is less likely to explore environment upset when mom leaves and likely to remain upset when returns
72
what is the anxious/avoidant type?
baby shows very little distress when om leaves and seems to ignore her may be sociable with or ignore stranger
73
what is the disorganized/disoriented type?
infant seems to approach and avoid mother may become dazed for freeze doesn't know what to do when mom comes back
74
what causes the different attachment styles?
baby's temperament a minor influence parenting behaviour is key factor
75
what are the different parenting styles?
authoritarian permissive authoritative
76
what is authoritarian parenting style?
parents impose rules and expect obedience kids end up with poor social skills and low self esteem
77
what is the permissive parenting style?
parents submit to kids desires, don't enforce limits for set standards for kids behaviour kids run the home kids can become aggresive
78
what is authoritative parenting style?
parents enforce rules, limits and standards but also explain, discuss, listen and express respect for kid's ideas and wishes kids grow boundaries and change them kids seem to be more confident and high self esteem
79
what is deprivation of attachment?
strong capacity for recovery if deprivation is over the first 2 years of life and then child is put in a good home (mostly seen in orphanages) less chance of recovery with longer deprivation period - difficulty forming attachments (trusting people) - increase anxiety and depression - increase aggression

PS102 (10 decks)

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