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PS102 > Chapter 5 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between perception and sensation?

A

info comes through our senses
out brain interpret this information

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2
Q

what is a sensation?

A

stimulus-detection process
organs translate stimuli into nerve impulses

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3
Q

what is perception?

A

organizing and giving meaning to input
depends on cortex assigning meaning to is
very active process

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4
Q

can the same stimulus be perceived differently in different context?

A

yes

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5
Q

what is the process of a stimulus to perception?

A

stimulus -> sensory receptors -> Transduction -> neural impulse -> perception

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6
Q

what is psychophysics?

A

studies relations between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities

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7
Q

what are the 2 kinds of sensitivity?

A

absolute threshold
difference threshold

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8
Q

what is absolute threshold?

A

askes about the absolute limit of sensitivity
eg. how bright does a light have to be before we can see it?

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9
Q

what is the difference threshold?

A

askes about the difference between stimuli
eg. what is the smallest difference in brightness that er can detect?
lower absolute threshold = greater sensitivity

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10
Q

what is Weber’s law?

A

JND is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comprison is being made

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11
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimulus
occurs in all sensory modalities
adaptive value
- frees senses from the unchanging to be
more sensitive to changes in the
environment

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of processing to turn sensory info into perceptual?

A

bottom-up processing
top-down processing

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13
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

taking sensory info and then assembling and integrating it

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14
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

using models, ideas and expectations to interpret sensory information

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15
Q

what is an example of to-down influences?

A

perceptual set

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16
Q

what is a perceptual set?

A

when we see what we expect to see

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17
Q

what is the 2 processes that are involved in attention?

A

focusing on certain stimuli
filtering out other information

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18
Q

what three ways does attention determine what we see?

A

divided attention
selective attention
inattentional blindness

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19
Q

what is divided attention?

A

multitasking or paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at a time

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20
Q

what is selective attention?

A

involves focusing on one stimulus or task while ignoring other stimulus
can miss thing in a scene if focusing on one thing

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21
Q

how do you study selective attention?

A

studied using the dichotic listening task
results suggest that much of the unattended channel foes unnoticed
some exceptions: cocktail party (hearing your name in a loud room)

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22
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

when the effect of attention are so strong that we fail to see stimuli that are directly in front of our eyes

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23
Q

what is the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

A

argued that the wholes we perceive are more than the sum of their parts
suggests perceptions was governed by laws that determine how things were grouped together

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24
Q

what is figure-ground?

A

most fundamental gestalt principal
simplest form of organization, pick out objects and figures standing against a background
can be ambiguous
idea behind camouflage

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25
what are the 4 gestalt principals?
proximity similarity continuity closure
26
what is proximity?
elements that are close together belong together
27
what is similarity?
similar items belong together
28
what is continuity?
elements liked to form continuous line
29
what is closure?
close open edges; perceive boundaries
30
what is perceptual constancies?
refers to our ability to see objects as appearing a constant colour, size and shape despite continual changes in out perception (top-down process)
31
what is colour constancy?
we see a consistent colour in changing illumination conditions
32
what is brightness constancy?
we see consistent brightness in changing shadow conditions
33
what is shape consistency?
we see a consistent shape in an object despite receiving different sensory images of the shape
34
what is depth perception?
image on the retina is 2D, but we live in a 3D world
35
how do we perceive depth from a 2D image?
monocular cues binocular cues
36
what is a monocular cue?
depth can be perceived with one eye
37
what is binocular cues?
depth perceived with 2 eyes
38
what are the 7 monocular cues?
accommodation, relative motion, interposition, relative size, linear perspective, and light and shadow
39
what is accommodation?
we can detect changes in the shape of our lens as a cue to distance
40
what is relative motion?
when we are moving, we can see how far away we are from something from how fast or slow it takes to pass it
41
what is interposition?
when one object appears to block the view of another, we assume the blocked object is farther
42
what is relative size?
we assume familiar objects as farther away when they appear smaller
43
what is linear perspective?
we see parallel lines as converging in the distance
44
what is the Ponzo illusion
our perception of distance affects our perception of length
45
what is light and shadow?
shadows can give clues to the location and size of objects
46
what is binocular depth cues based on?
retinal disparity convergence
47
what is renal disparity?
two eyes receive different visual images feature detectors analyze differences
48
what is convergence?
feedback from ocular muscles when focusing on something distant and then close
49
what stimulus does the visual processes?
light or waves of electromagnetic radiation around 360-750mn
50
what is wavelength/ frequency of light perceived as?
colour
51
what is amplitude of a light wave perceived as?
brightness
52
what does light travel through?
the cornea -> pupil -> focused at the lens
53
where does the light land on?
the retina to get transduced into a neural signal
54
what is the first layer of the retina?
photoreceptors - transduces light waves into neural impulses - rods and cones
55
what are rods?
functions best in low illumination sound mostly periphery of retina and on in fove
56
what are cones?
for colour and detail functions best in high illumination concentrated in fova (center of retina)
57
what is dark adaptation?
progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity in low illumination rods adapt after 30 minutes cones adapt after 10 minutes
58
what is layer 2 of the retina?
bipolar cells
59
what are bipolar cells?
rods and cones have synaptic connections with bipolar cells cones have one to one connections well many rods connect to one bipolar cell
60
what is layer three in the retina?
ganglion cells
61
what are ganglion cells?
bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells axons of ganglion cell form the ocular nerve
62
what is the optic disc?
an area of the retina that contains no rods or cones because this is were the optic nerve leaves the eye causes blind spots in your vision
63
what is the trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholtz)?
three types of colour receptors in retina visual systems combines activity from these sells to allow us to perceive all the colours
64
what is the problem with the trichromatic theory?
can't explain why red-green colour blind individuals can perceive yellow can't explain afterimages
65
what is the opponent theory?
three cone types and each respond to 2 different wavelengths red or green blue or yellow black or white explains afterimages
66
where do impulses from the ocular nerve go?
thalamus to the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) fovea has large representation in visual cortex
67
what are feature detectors?
cells in primary visual cortex that are very particular about what will make then fire
68
what are the two pathways of feature detectors?
the visual stream the dorsal stream
69
what is the stimulus for the auditory system?
sound waves
70
what are the two characteristics of sound waves?
frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness)
71
what are the 2 types of hearing loss?
conduction hearing loss sensorineural hearing loss
72
what is conduction hearing loss?
when the middle ear isn't conducting sound well to the cochlea
73
what is sensorineural hearing loss?
when the receptor cells aren't sending messages through the auditory nerves
74
how do you prevent hearing loss?
exposure to sounds that are too loud to talk over can cause damage to the hair cells structures in the middle of the ear can be damaged by disease
75
how do you treat hearing loss?
conductions hearing loss helped with hearing aids that amplify the sound sensorineural hearing loss helped with cochlear implant that translates sound waves into signals for the brain
76
what is loudness?
refers to more intense sound vibrations that the brain can interpret using : - firing rate of hair cells - number of hair cells firing - the type of hair cell firing
77
what is the frequency theory?
nerve impulses match frequency of wave doesn't work for frequencies above 1000Hz
78
what is place theory?
specific frequencies peak at certain places on the cochlea, depending on pitch the brain reads pitch by reading the location where the signals are coming from
79
what 2 ways does binaural hearing help localize sounds?
timing of sound intensity of sounds
80
where do sound impulses go?
thalamus to the primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) from there, signals go to the secondary auditory cortex (interoperates complex sounds)

PS102 (10 decks)

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