Chapter 9 Key Terms

Question 1

Advocacy

Answer 1

pleads someone’s cause or acts on someone’s behalf, with a focus on developing the capacity of the community,
system, individual, or family to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf.

Question 2

Case finding

Answer 2

locates individuals and families with identified

risk factors and connects them with resources.

Question 3

Case Management

Answer 3

1. A problem-solving process through which appropriate services to individuals and families are assured.
2. A method of structuring acute care for all patients in three dimensions: work design, clinical management roles, and concurrent monitoring and feedback.
3. A patient-centered, goal-oriented process of assessing the need of an individual for particular services and obtaining those services and monitoring care.
4. A nursing intervention from the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) defined as coordinating care and advocating for specified individuals and patient populations across settings to reduce cost, reduce resource use, improve quality of health care, and achieve desired outcomes.

• optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals
  and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services.

Question 4

Coalition building

Answer 4

promotes and develops alliances among
organizations or constituencies for a common purpose.
It builds linkages, solves problems, and/or enhances local
leadership to address health concerns.

Question 5

collaboration

Answer 5

Mutual sharing and working together to achieve common goals in such a way that all persons or groups are recognized and growth is enhanced.

• commits two or more persons or organizations to achieve a common goal through enhancing the capacity of one or more of the members to promote and
  protect health

Question 6

community

Answer 6

1. A group of species who reside in a designated geographic area and who share common interests or bonds.
2. A person’s natural environment, that is where the person works, plays, and performs other daily activities.

• is defined as “a group of people who share common culture,
  values and/or interests, based on social identity and/or territory, and who have some means of recognizing, and (inter)acting upon, these commonalities”

Question 7

community- level practice

Answer 7

• changes community norms,
  community attitudes, community awareness, community practices,
  and community behaviors. It is directed toward entire
  populations within the community or occasionally toward populations
  at risk or populations of interest. An example of
  community-level practice is a social marketing campaign to
  promote a community norm that serving alcohol to under-aged
  youth at high school graduation parties is unacceptable. This is
  a community-level primary prevention strategy

Question 8

community organizing

Answer 8

helps community groups to identify
common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they
collectively have set

Question 9

consultation

Answer 9

1. A process in which the help of a specialist is sought to identify ways to correct problems in patient management or in planning and implementation of health care programs.
2. A nursing intervention from the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) defined as using expert knowledge to work with those who seek help in problem solving to enable individuals, families, groups, or agencies to achieve identified goals.

• seeks information and generates optional
  solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community, system, family, or individual.
  The community, system, family, or individual selects and acts on the option best meeting the circumstances.

Question 10

counseling

Answer 10

The act of providing advice and guidance to a patient or his or her family. It is a therapeutic technique that helps the patient recognize and manage stress and that facilitates interpersonal relationships.
A nursing intervention from the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) defined as use of an interactive helping process focusing on the needs, problems, or feelings of the patient and significant others to enhance or support coping, problem-solving, and interpersonal relationships.

• establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, system, family, or individual intended to increase
  or enhance their capacity for self-care and coping. Counseling engages the community, system, family, or individual at an emotional level.

Question 11

delegated functions

Answer 11

A nursing intervention from the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) defined as transfer of responsibility for the performance of patient care while retaining accountability for the outcome.

• are direct care tasks a registered professional nurse carries out under the authority of a health care
  practitioner as allowed by law. Delegated functions also include any direct care tasks a registered professional nurse
  entrusts to other appropriate personnel to perform.

Question 12

determinants of health

Answer 12

The many variables that influence the health status of individuals or communities.

• Factors that
  influence health status across the life cycle. They include income, education, employment, social support, biology and genetics, physical
  environment, housing, transportation, and personal health
  practices.
  Resolving

Question 13

disease and other health event investigation

Answer 13

systematically
gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of
populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies
cases and others at risk, and determines control measures.

Question 14

health teaching

Answer 14

Identification of the health education needs of a patient and the teaching of basic physical and mental health principles.

• communicates facts, ideas, and skills that
  change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities

Question 15

individual- level practice

Answer 15

changes knowledge, attitudes,
beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals. This practice
level is directed at individuals, alone or as part of a family, class,
or group. Even though families, classes, and groups are comprised
of more than one individual, the focus is still on individual change. Teaching effective refusal skills to groups of adolescents is an example of individual secondary prevention
strategy level of practice.

Question 16

intermediate goals

Answer 16

are meaningful, measurable, and achievable

Question 17

interventions

Answer 17

Any act performed to prevent harming of a patient or to improve the mental, emotional, or physical function of a patient. A physiologic process may be monitored or enhanced, or a pathologic process may be arrested or controlled. Independent intervention is any health care activity pertaining to aspects of professional practice that are encompassed by licensure and law and require no supervision or direction from others. Interdependent intervention refers to any health care activity carried out by one health care professional in collaboration with another.

• are “actions taken on behalf of communities,
  systems, individuals, and families to improve or protect health
  status”

Question 18

levels of practice

Answer 18

The consultant group analyzed 200 practice
scenarios developed at the workshops that ranged from
home care and school health to home visiting and correctional
health. In the final analysis, 17 actions common to the work of
PHNs regardless of their practice setting were identified. The
analysis also demonstrated that most of these interventions
were implemented at three levels: (1) with individuals, either
singly or in groups, and with families; (2) with communities
as a whole; and (3) with systems that impact the health of
communities. A wheel-shaped graphic was developed to illustrate
the set of interventions

Question 19

outcome health status indicators

Answer 19

to measure the impact of the interventions
on population health. Examples include no signs or reports of child maltreatment; child regularly attends preschool;
child receives well-child examinations according to recommended
schedule; child’s immunizations are up to date; the
family seeks medical care for acute illness as needed and does
not seek medical care inappropriately; and child falls within
normal limits on developmental tests.

Question 20

outreach

Answer 20

Health workers who make a special, focused effort to find people with specific health problems for the purpose of increasing their access to health services.
- locates populations of interest or populations at
risk and provides information about the nature of the
concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be
obtained.

Question 21

policy development

Answer 21

Providing leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population.

• places health issues on decision makers’
  agendas, acquires a plan of resolution, and determines needed resources. Policy development results in laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies.

Question 22

policy enforcement

Answer 22

compels others to comply with the laws,
rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies created in conjunction
with policy development.

Question 23

population

Answer 23

1. Any group that is distinguished by a particular trait or situation.
2. Any group from which samples may be measured for some variable characteristic for statistical purposes.

• a collection of
  individuals who have one or more personal or environmental
  characteristics in common

Question 24

population of interest

Answer 24

is a population that is essentially healthy but that could improve
factors that promote or protect health. For instance, healthy
adolescents that could benefit from
social competency training. All first-time parents of newborns
are a population of interest that could benefit from a public
health nursing home visit. Populations are not limited to only
individuals who seek services or individuals who are poor or
otherwise vulnerable.

Question 25

population at risk

Answer 25

• a population with a common identified risk factor or
  risk exposure that poses a threat to health. For example, all
  adults who are overweight and hypertensive constitute a population
  at risk for cardiovascular disease. All under-immunized
  or un-immunized children are a population at risk for contracting
  vaccine-preventable diseases.

Question 26

prevention

Answer 26

(In nursing care) any action directed to preventing illness and promoting health to eliminate the need for secondary or tertiary health care.

• “anticipatory action taken to prevent the occurrence
  of an event or to minimize its effect after it has occurred”

Question 27

primary prevention

Answer 27

A program of activities directed at improving general well-being while also involving specific protection for selected diseases, such as immunization against measles.

• Primary prevention promotes health and protects against threats to health. It keeps problems from occurring in the first place. It promotes resiliency and
  protective factors or reduces susceptibility and exposure to risk factors. Primary prevention is implemented before a problem develops. It targets essentially well populations. Immunizing against a vaccine-preventable disease is an example of reducing susceptibility; building developmental
  assets in young persons to promote health is an example of promoting resiliency and protective factors.

Question 28

public health nursing

Answer 28

A field of nursing that is concerned with the health needs of the community as a whole. Public health nurses may work with families in the home, in schools, at the workplace, in government agencies, and at major health facilities.

• promote health
  and prevent disease for entire population groups. This is done
  by working with individuals, families, communities, and/or
  systems.

Question 29

referral and follow-up

Answer 29

assists individuals, families, groups,
organizations, and/or communities to identify and access
necessary resources in order to prevent or resolve problems
or concerns.

Question 30

screening

Answer 30

1. A preliminary procedure such as a test or examination to detect the most characteristic sign or signs of a disorder that may require further investigation.
2. The examination of a large sample of a population to detect a specific disease or disorder such as hypertension.

• identifies individuals with unrecognized health
  risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations

Question 31

secondary prevention

Answer 31

A level of preventive medicine that focuses on early diagnosis, use of referral services, and rapid initiation of treatment to stop the progress of disease processes or a handicapping disability.

• detects and treats problems in their early stages. It
  keeps problems from causing serious or long-term effects or from affecting others. It identifies risk or hazards and modifies, removes, or treats them before a problem becomes more serious. It is implemented
  after a problem has begun, but before signs and symptoms appear. It targets populations that have risk factors in common. Programs that screen populations for hypertension, obesity, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia,
  and other chronic disease risk factors are examples of secondary prevention.

Question 32

social marketing

Answer 32

uses commercial marketing principles and
technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge,
attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population of interest.

Question 33

surveillance

Answer 33

1. A detailed examination or investigation for the accurate collection of data to record changes in the character of a population as at a particular time or, in a prospective or longitudinal surveillance, over a period of time.
2. A nursing intervention from the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) defined as purposeful and ongoing acquisition, interpretation, and synthesis of patient data for clinical decision making.
   - describes and monitors health events through
   ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation
   of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing,
   and evaluating public health interventions, and disseminating this data to those who need to know to prevent
   and control outbreaks

Question 34

systems- level practice

Answer 34

changes organizations, policies, laws,
and power structures within communities. The focus is on the
systems that impact health, not directly on individuals and
communities. Conducting compliance checks to ensure that
bars and liquor stores do not serve minors or sell to individuals
who supply alcohol to minors is an example of a systems-level
secondary prevention strategy practice.

Question 35

tertiary prevention

Answer 35

A level of preventive medicine that deals with the rehabilitation and return of a patient to a status of maximum usefulness with a minimum risk of recurrence of a physical or mental disorder.

• limits further negative effects from a problem. It keeps existing problems from getting worse. It alleviates the effects of disease and
  injury and restores individuals to their optimal level of functioning. Tertiary
  prevention is implemented after a disease or injury has occurred. It targets
  populations who have experienced disease or injury. Provision of directly observed therapy (DOT) to clients with active tuberculosis to ensure compliance
  with a medication regimen is an example of tertiary prevention.

Question 36

wedges

Answer 36

The interventions are grouped with related interventions;

these wedges are color coordinated to make them more recognizable