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Public Health Key Terms > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Agent

A

causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease, such as a biological or chemical agent

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2
Q

Analytic Epidemiology

A

an epidemiological study designed to investigate associations between exposures or characteristics and health or disease outcomes, often with a goal of understanding the etiology (or origins and causal factors) of disease

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3
Q

Attack Rate

A

a type of incidence rate defined as the proportion of persons exposed to an agent who develop the disease, usually for a limited time in a specific population

  • Another measure of morbidity, often used in infectious disease
    investigations,
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4
Q

Bias

A

a systematic deviation of observed values from the true value

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5
Q

Case-control Design

A

can be viewed against the background of an underlying cohort. The design uses a sample from the cohort rather than following the entire cohort over time. Because it uses only samples of cases and non cases, it is a more efficient design, although it is subject to certain types of bias

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6
Q

Case-control Study

A

participants are enrolled because they are known to have the outcome of interest (cases) or they are known not to have the outcome of interest (controls)

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7
Q

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

A

the proportion of persons diagnosed with a particular disorder (i.e., cases) that die within a specified period of time

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8
Q

Cohort Study

A

an epidemiological study in which subjects without an outcome of interest are classified according to past or present (or future) exposures or characteristics and followed over time to observe and compare the rates of some health outcome in the various exposure groups

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9
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

an epidemiological study in which health outcomes and exposures or characteristics of interest are simultaneously ascertained and examined for association in a population or sample, providing a picture of existing levels of all factors

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10
Q

Cumulative Incidence Rate

A

reflects the cumulative effect of the incidence rate over the time period, whether it is a month, a year, or several years

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11
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

an epidemiological study designed to describe the distribution of health outcomes according to person, place, and time

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12
Q

Determinants

A

factors that influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes

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13
Q

Distribution

A

the pattern of a health outcome in a population; the frequencies of the outcome according to various personal characteristics, geographic regions, and time

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14
Q

Ecologic Fallacy

A

a bias that may occur in ecologic studies because associations observed at the group level may not hold true for the individuals that compose the groups, or associations that actually exist may be masked

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15
Q

Ecologic Model

A

this approach expands epidemiologic studies both upward to broader contexts (such as neighborhood characteristics and social context) and downward to the genetic and molecular level

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16
Q

Ecologic Study

A

an epidemiologic study in which only aggregate or group data, such as population rates, are used rather than data on individuals

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17
Q

Environment

A

all of those factors internal and external to the client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent-host interactions. The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism

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18
Q

Epidemic

A

occurrence of a disease within an area that is clearly in excess of expected levels (endemic) for a given time period

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19
Q

Epidemiologic Triangle

A

interaction among the host, agent, and environment

20
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the distribution of disease, or other health-related states and events in human populations, as related to age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, and economic status in order to identify and alleviate health problems and promote better health

21
Q

Health

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Four models of health, ordered from narrow to broad, are (1) clinical health, the absence of disease; (2) role-performance health, the ability to satisfactorily perform one’s social roles; (3) adaptive health, flexible adaptation to the environment; and (4) eudaemonistic health, self-actualization and the attainment of one’s greatest human potential

22
Q

Host

A

a living organism, human or animal, in which an infectious agent can exist under natural conditions

23
Q

Incidence Proportion

A

the frequency or rate of new cases of an outcome in a population; provides an estimate of the risk of disease in that population over the period of observation

  • indicates the
    proportion of the population at risk who experience the event
    over some period of time, for example, the proportion of
    the population who develop influenza during a given year
24
Q

Levels of Prevention

A

a three-level model of interventions based on the stages of disease, designed to prevent, halt, or reverse the process of pathological change as early as possible, thereby preventing damage

25
Q

Mortality Rates

A

key epidemiological indicators of interest to nurses. Mortality rates are informative only for fatal diseases and do not provide direct information about either the level of existing disease in the population or the risk of getting any particular disease

26
Q

Natural History of Disease

A

the course of a disease process from onset to resolution without intervention by humans

27
Q

Negative Predictive Value

A

proportion of persons with a negative test who are disease free

28
Q

Point Epidemic

A

a concentration in space and time of a disease event, such that a graph of frequency of cases over time shows a sharp point, usually suggestive of a common exposure

29
Q

Popular Epidemiology

A

a form of epidemiology in which lay people gather scientific data as well as mobilize knowledge and resources of experts to understand the occurrence and distribution of a disease or injury

30
Q

Positive Predictive Value

A

the proportion of persons with a positive screening or diagnostic test who do have the disease (the proportion of “true positives” among all who test positive).

31
Q

Prevalence Proportion

A

a measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time (i.e., the number of existing cases divided by the current population).

32
Q

Proportion

A

a type of ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator

33
Q

Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR)

A

the proportion of all deaths that are attributable to a specific cause

34
Q

Public Health

A

organized community efforts designed to prevent disease and promote health

35
Q

Rate

A

measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specified period of time

36
Q

Reliability

A

the precision of the measure; its consistency or repeatability

37
Q

Risk

A

the probability of some event or outcome within a specified period of time

38
Q

Screening

A

identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations

39
Q

Secular Trends

A

long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality (i.e., over years or decades)

40
Q

Sensitivity

A

the proportion of persons who actually have a disease who will have a positive screening or diagnostic test; or the probability that a person with a disease will be correctly classified by the test

41
Q

Social Epidemiology

A

the branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health and disease

42
Q

Specificity

A

the proportion of persons who do not have a disease and who will have a negative screening or diagnostic test, or the probability that a person without disease will be correctly classified by the test.

43
Q

Surveillance

A

involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data related to the occurrence of disease and the health status of a given population

44
Q

Validity

A

the accuracy of a test or measurement; how closely it measures what it claims to measure. In a screening test, validity is assessed in terms of the probability of correctly classifying an individual with regard to the disease or outcome of interest, usually in terms of sensitivity and specificity

45
Q

Web of Causality

A

the complex interrelations of factors interacting with each other to influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes

46
Q

Incidence Rate

A

quantifies the rate of development of new cases in a population
at risk

Public Health Key Terms (13 decks)

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