Chapter 14

Question 1

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Answer 1

the symptomatic phase of HIV infection, and consists of immunodeficiency resulting in cancers and infections that affect body systems, such as the central nervous system

Question 2

Chlamydia

Answer 2

sexually transmitted disease caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis that causes infection of the urethra and cervix. Infections may be asymptomatic, and result in severe morbidity if left untreated

Question 3

Directly Observed Therapy

Answer 3

a system of providing medications for clients with tuberculosis infection in which the client is monitored to maximize adherence to the medication regimen and treatment

Question 4

Genital Herpes

Answer 4

a virus that attacks the genitals and sacral nerve. Infection is characterized by painful lesions that present as vesicles and progress to ulcerations on the male and female genitals, buttocks, or upper thighs

Question 5

Genital Warts

Answer 5

cauliflower-appearing growths that are caused by human papillomavirus

Question 6

Gonorrhea

Answer 6

a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, resulting in inflammation of the urethra and cervix and dysuria; or it may result in no symptoms

Question 7

Hepatitis A Virus

Answer 7

a virus that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. The clinical course of hepatitis A ranges from mild to severe and often requires prolonged convalescence. Onset is usually acute with fever, nausea, lack of appetite, malaise, and abdominal discomfort, followed after several days by jaundice

Question 8

Hepatitis B Virus

Answer 8

a virus that is transmitted through exposure to body fluids. Infection results in a clinical picture that ranges from a self-limited acute infection to fulminant hepatitis or hepatic carcinoma, possibly leading to death

Question 9

Hepatitis C Virus

Answer 9

a virus that is transmitted through exposure to blood and body fluids. HCV infection may present with such mild symptoms that it goes unrecognized. It is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States

Question 10

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Answer 10

taking a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs

Question 11

HIV Antibody Test

Answer 11

a laboratory procedure that detects antibody to HIV. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the test commonly used in screening blood for the antibody to HIV; the Western blot is used as the confirmatory test

Question 12

HIV Infection

Answer 12

infection with human immunodeficiency virus; a phase of this infection is subclinical, but infected individuals remain capable of transmitting the virus by specific behaviors

Question 13

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Answer 13

the virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS

Question 14

Human Papillomavirus

Answer 14

a sexually transmitted disease that results in genital warts (condylomata acuminata) that grow in the vulva, vagina, cervix, urinary meatus, scrotum, or perianal area. A link exists between specific HPV types and cervical cancer

Question 15

Incidence

Answer 15

in epidemiology, the number of new cases of infection or disease that occur in a defined population in a specified period of time

Question 16

Incubation

Answer 16

time interval beginning with the invasion of the infectious agent and continuing until the organism multiplies to sufficient numbers to produce a host reaction and clinical symptoms

Question 17

Injection Drug Use

Answer 17

includes intravenous and subcutaneous drug injection, the latter usually over the abdominal area

Question 18

Non-Gonococcal Urethritis

Answer 18

inflammation of the urethra from microorganisms other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Chlamydia trachomatis has been implicated as the cause of 50% of cases

Question 19

Partner Notification

Answer 19

identifying and locating contacts of persons who have been diagnosed with a transmissible disease in order to notify them of exposure and encourage them to seek medical treatment

Question 20

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Answer 20

infection of the female reproductive organs, specifically the fallopian tubes and endometrium, resulting in infertility and/or ectopic pregnancy. Acute symptoms and signs include lower abdominal pain, increased vaginal discharge, urinary frequency, vomiting, and fever. PID results from untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 21

Perinatal HIV Transmission

Answer 21

transmission of HIV from the mother to the fetus or infant during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

Question 22

Prevalence

Answer 22

the number or percentage of persons in a given population with a disease or condition at a given point in time. Also the proportion of existing cases of a health outcome in a population at a particular time

Question 23

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Answer 23

communicable diseases such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV infection that can be transmitted by sexual activity

Question 24

Syphilis

Answer 24

an infectious sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum; characterized by the appearance of lesions or chancres that may involve any tissue. Relapses are frequent and, after the initial chancre and secondary symptoms, syphilis may exist without symptoms for years

Question 25

Tuberculosis

Answer 25

an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is transmitted by airborne transmission, resulting in pulmonary symptoms and wasting. Infection can be latent and asymptomatic, later progressing to active infection